Week 10 Reproduction & Development

Question 1

What are the primary sex organs (gonads)?

Answer 1

Testes in males and ovaries in females.

Question 2

What are the functions of gonads?

Answer 2

Produce gametes and secrete sex hormones.

Question 3

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 3

Physical traits influenced by hormones (e.g., body hair, breast development, muscle mass).

Question 4

What structures are part of the male reproductive system?

Answer 4

Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands.

Question 5

Where is sperm produced?

Answer 5

In the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Question 6

What cells produce testosterone?

Answer 6

Interstitial (Leydig) cells in the testes.

Question 7

What is the function of the epididymis?

Answer 7

Maturation and storage of sperm.

Question 8

What is the vas deferens?

Answer 8

A muscular tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

Question 9

What is semen composed of?

Answer 9

Sperm and secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

Question 10

What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

Answer 10

Alkaline fluid with fructose for sperm energy.

Question 11

What does the prostate gland secrete?

Answer 11

Milky, slightly acidic fluid with enzymes and nutrients.

Question 12

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

Answer 12

Mucus for lubrication and pH buffering.

Question 13

What hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus for reproduction?

Answer 13

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Question 14

What does GnRH stimulate?

Answer 14

Anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH.

Question 15

What does LH do in males?

Answer 15

Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.

Question 16

What does FSH do in males?

Answer 16

Stimulates Sertoli cells to support sperm production.

Question 17

What is spermatogenesis?

Answer 17

The production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules.

Question 18

What is the ploidy change in spermatogenesis?

Answer 18

Diploid stem cells → haploid sperm cells.

Question 19

How long does spermatogenesis take?

Answer 19

Approximately 64–72 days.

Question 20

What are the parts of the female reproductive system?

Answer 20

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, external genitalia (vulva).

Question 21

What is the function of the ovaries?

Answer 21

Produce oocytes and secrete estrogen and progesterone.

Question 22

Where does fertilization usually occur?

Answer 22

In the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

Question 23

What is the function of the uterus?

Answer 23

Site for implantation and development of the embryo/fetus.

Question 24

When does oogenesis begin?

Answer 24

Before birth; primary oocytes are arrested in prophase I until puberty.

Question 25

What is the result of meiosis in females?

Answer 25

One ovum and up to three polar bodies.

Question 26

What triggers ovulation?

Answer 26

A surge in LH levels.

Question 27

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 27

Follicular phase and luteal phase.

Question 28

What are the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

Answer 28

Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.

Question 29

What does estrogen do?

Answer 29

Promotes follicle development, endometrial growth, and secondary sex characteristics.

Question 30

What does progesterone do?

Answer 30

Prepares and maintains the endometrium for implantation.

Question 31

What is fertilization?

Answer 31

Union of sperm and ovum to form a zygote.

Question 32

Where does implantation occur?

Answer 32

In the endometrium of the uterus.

Question 33

What hormone maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy?

Answer 33

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

Question 34

What forms the placenta?

Answer 34

Fetal chorion and maternal endometrial tissue.

Question 35

What are the functions of the placenta?

Answer 35

Nutrient/gas exchange, hormone production (hCG, estrogen, progesterone).

Question 36

What is the embryonic period?

Answer 36

Weeks 3–8; major organ systems develop.

Question 37

What is the fetal period?

Answer 37

Week 9 to birth; growth and maturation of organs.

Question 38

What is the amnion?

Answer 38

A membrane that forms the amniotic sac to cushion and protect the fetus.

Question 39

What is the yolk sac's function?

Answer 39

Early blood cell formation and nutrient delivery.

Question 40

What hormonal changes support pregnancy?

Answer 40

Placental secretion of hCG, estrogen, and progesterone.

Question 41

What triggers labour?

Answer 41

Fetal signals and increased oxytocin and prostaglandins.

Question 42

What are the stages of labour?

Answer 42

Dilation, expulsion, and placental stages.

Question 43

What hormones regulate lactation?

Answer 43

Prolactin (milk production) and oxytocin (milk ejection).

Question 44

What changes occur in neonatal circulation after birth?

Answer 44

Closure of ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.

Question 45

Why is surfactant important in newborns?

Answer 45

Reduces surface tension in alveoli to aid lung inflation.