WEEK 10: STAGES OF SLEEP AND BRAIN MECHANISMS

Question 1

a state that the brain actively produces, characterized by decreased activity and decreased response to stimuli.

Answer 1

Sleep

Question 2

an extended period of unconsciousness caused by head trauma, stroke, or disease.

Answer 2

Coma

Question 3

an extended period of unconsciousness caused by head trauma, stroke, or disease. Some may have low level of brain activity and no response to stimuli.

Answer 3

Coma

Question 4

Vegetative state

Answer 4

UNRESPONSIVE WAKEFULNESS SYNDROME

Question 5

Condition that alternates between sleep and moderate arousal, but even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior.

Answer 5

UNRESPONSIVE WAKEFULNESS SYNDROME

Question 6

Breathing is more regular, and a painful stimulus increases heart rate, breathing and sweating.

Answer 6

UNRESPONSIVE WAKEFULNESS SYNDROME

Question 7

Eye movements occur but they do not follow a target. The person might laugh or cry but not in response to an external event.

Answer 7

UNRESPONSIVE WAKEFULNESS SYNDROME

Question 8

brief periods of purposeful actions and a limited amount of speech comprehension. Can last for months or years.

Answer 8

MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS STATE

Question 9

condition with no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus. Physicians usually wait until someone has exhibited no sign of brain activity for 24 hours before pronouncing brain death at which point most people believe it is ethical to remove life support.

Answer 9

BRAIN DEATH

Question 10

a combination of EEG and eye movement records.

Answer 10

POLYSOMNOGRAPH

Question 11

Brain waves that fall between 8 and 13 hertz (Hz).

Answer 11

ALPHA WAVES

Question 12

Human brain most commonly produces _________ waves when a person is awake but relaxed with eyes closed.

Answer 12

alpha

Question 13

People often experience ________ waves just before they fall asleep.

Answer 13

alpha

Question 14

_________ waves may be seen when a person briefly awakens.

Answer 14

Alpha

Question 15

Also found in the back of the brain (Occipital lobe) during Rapid Eye Movement (vivid dreaming)

Answer 15

ALPHA WAVES

Question 16

The waves the human brain most commonly produces.

Answer 16

BETA WAVES

Question 17

The size or amplitude generally increases as a person becomes tired and enters the first stage of sleep, then decreases as they enter the 2nd and 3rd stages of sleep.

Answer 17

BETA WAVES

Question 18

Most sleeping pills increase both the amplitude and frequency of beta waves.

Answer 18

BETA WAVES

Question 19

Occur during the 2nd stage of sleep.

Answer 19

SLEEP PINDLES

Question 20

Also called “Sigma Waves” can be either slow or fast.

Answer 20

SLEEP PINDLES

Question 21

Some sleep medications increase the number of sleep spindles that occur during the sleep cycle.

Answer 21

SLEEP PINDLES

Question 22

Sharp waves that stand out from background brain wave patterns and last at least half a second.

Answer 22

K-complexes

Question 23

They appear during stage 2 sleep.

Answer 23

K-complexes

Question 24

slower brain waves that gradually replace alpha waves as a person transition from a relaxed state to being asleep.

Answer 24

THETA WAVES

Question 25

They are most commonly seen during the 1st stage of sleep which is the lightest sleep stage.

Answer 25

THETA WAVES

Question 26

They may also be seen during the 2nd stage of sleep.

Answer 26

THETA WAVES

Question 27

the slowest brain waves and they primarily occur during deep sleep, the 3rd stage of sleep.

Answer 27

DELTA WAVES

Question 28

Deep sleep is also called _________________.

Answer 28

SLOW-WAVE SLEEP

Question 29

____________ sleep is composed of 3 different stages.

Answer 29

NREM

Question 30

TRUE or FALSE The higher the stage of NREM sleep, the harder it is to wake a person.

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

normally last just 1-7 minutes.

Answer 31

STAGE 1 (N1)

Question 32

The body has not fully relaxed, though the body and brain activities start to slow with periods of brief movements.

Answer 32

STAGE 1 (N1)

Question 33

Light changes in brain activity associated with falling asleep.

Answer 33

STAGE 1 (N1)

Question 34

It is ways to wake someone in this stage.

Answer 34

STAGE 1 (N1)

Question 35

The body enters more subdued state including a drop in temperature, relaxed muscles, and slowed breathing and heart rate.

Answer 35

STAGE 2 (N2)

Question 36

Brain waves show a new pattern and eye movement stops.

Answer 36

STAGE 2 (N2)

Question 37

Brain activity slows but there are short bursts of activity that help resist being woken up by external stimuli.

Answer 37

STAGE 2 (N2)

Question 38

Can last 10-25 min. during the first sleep cycle, each N2 stage can become longer during the night.

Answer 38

STAGE 2 (N2)

Question 39

Typically, a person spends about half their sleep time in _____.

Answer 39

N2

Question 40

Deep sleep. The harder to wake phase.

Answer 40

STAGE 3 (N3)

Question 41

Muscle tone, pulse and breathing rate decrease as the body relaxes even further.

Answer 41

STAGE 3 (N3)

Question 42

Brain activity is Delta waves. (delta sleep) or slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Answer 42

STAGE 3 (N3)

Question 43

Restorative sleep allowing for bodily recovery and growth. Bolster immune system and other key processes. Contributes to insightful thinking, creativity and memory.

Answer 43

STAGE 3 (N3)

Question 44

You spend the most time in deep sleep during the first half of the night.

Answer 44

STAGE 3 (N3)

Question 45

Commonly last for 20-40 mins. Gets shorter as we continue sleeping.

Answer 45

STAGE 3 (N3)

Question 46

Brain activity picks up nearing levels seen when you are awake.

Answer 46

REM

Question 47

REM The body experience _________. temporary paralysis of the muscles with 2 exceptions: the eyes and the muscles that control breathing.

Answer 47

ATONIA

Question 48

Essential to cognitive functions like memory, learning and creativity.

Answer 48

REM

Question 49

known for vivid dreams which is explained by the significant uptick in brain activity.

Answer 49

REM

Question 50

REM Dreams can occur in any sleep stage, but they are less common and intense in the _______.

Answer 50

NREM

Question 51

Normally you enter REM sleep when you have been asleep for about _____ minutes.

Answer 51

90

Question 52

_______ gets longer as the night goes on esp. in the 2nd half of the night.

Answer 52

REM

Question 53

_____ REM last only a few mins, later stages last for around an hour. In total, REM make up 25% of sleep-in adults.

Answer 53

1st

Question 54

REM sleep for species that lack eye movements.

Answer 54

PARADOXICAL SLEEP

Question 55

_____ is also associated with erections in males and vaginal moistening in females.

Answer 55

REM

Question 56

______ combines aspects of deep sleep, light sleep, and features that are difficult to classify as deep or light.

Answer 56

REM

Question 57

REM is associated with _________.

Answer 57

PGO waves (pons-geniculate-occipital)

Question 58

The stimulus to start REM sleep comes from __________ release in the __________.

Answer 58

dopamine ; amygdala

Question 59

The __________ has both neurons that promote wakefulness and those that promote sleep.

Answer 59

hypothalamus

Question 60

neurotransmitter enhances arousal and alertness.

Answer 60

histamine

Question 61

drugs that produce drowsiness.

Answer 61

Antihistamine

Question 62

peptide neurotransmitter. extends from the hypothalamus to the basal forebrain and other areas that enhance wakefulness and activity. Staying awake depends on orexin especially towards the end of the day.

Answer 62

orexin or hypocretin

Question 63

TRUE or FALSE Reason for older people problem of waking up in the middle of the night. The resting potential of the axon rises with aging and gets closer to the threshold for firing.

Answer 63

TRUE

Question 64

______________ provide axons that extend throughout the thalamus and cerebral cortex some of them increasing wakefulness and other inhibiting it.

Answer 64

Basal forebrain cells

Question 65

stimulates the basal forebrain cells.

Answer 65

Acetylcholine

Question 66

____________ is active in response to meaningful events and facilitates attention and new learning.

Answer 66

Locus coeruleus

Question 67

TRUE or FALSE Parents usually awaken at the sound of a crying infant.

Answer 67

TRUE

Question 68

TRUE or FALSE During sleep, axons from the pons and midbrain increase their release of GABA, inhibiting the synaptic spread of information from one neuron to another.

Answer 68

TRUE

Question 68

TRUE or FALSE The brain responds to speech, especially by an unfamiliar voice (danger)

Answer 68

TRUE

Question 69

sleepwalking. Much of the brain is asleep but the motor cortex and a few other areas are awake.

Answer 69

SOMNAMBULISM

Question 70

TRUE or FALSE sleepwalkers have their eyes open, orient to the world enough to find their way around, and often remember some of what they did while sleepwalking. Still, they are confused and vulnerable because most of the brain is not alert enough to process information and make reasonable decisions.

Answer 70

TRUE

Question 71

someone is dreaming but aware of being asleep and dreaming. Enough activity occurs in the frontal and temporal cortex to enable conscious monitoring of the dreams that the rest of the brain is generating.

Answer 71

LUCID DREAMING

Question 72

can control the content of the dream to some extent as well as eye movements.

Answer 72

LUCID DREAMING

Question 73

Cannot move the arms and legs after waking up.

Answer 73

Temporary Paralysis

Question 74

During REM sleep, cells in the pons and medulla send messages that inhibit the spinal neurons controlling the arm and leg muscles.

Answer 74

Temporary Paralysis

Question 75

Inadequate sleep. Feeling tired during the day. Impairs memory, attention, and cognition. It magnifies unpleasant emotional reactions and increases the risk of depression.

Answer 75

INSOMNIA

Question 76

Children suffer from insomnia because they are _____________, and their parents give them milk to drink right before bedtime.

Answer 76

milk-intolerant

Question 77

Impaired ability to breathe while sleeping. People with sleep apnea have breathless periods of a minute or so from which they awaken gasping for breath.

Answer 77

SLEEP APNEA

Question 78

They may not remember their awakenings, although they certainly notice the consequences, such as sleepiness and impaired attention the following day.

Answer 78

SLEEP APNEA

Question 79

TRUE or FALSE Prolonged sleep apnea leads to a loss of neurons, with an impairment of learning and other functions.

Answer 79

TRUE

Question 79

often related to obesity especially in middle-aged men due to narrower than normal airways and must compensate by breathing frequently or vigorously.

Answer 79

SLEEP APNEA

Question 80

advised to lose weight and avoid alcohol and tranquilizers.

Answer 80

SLEEP APNEA

Question 81

common treatment is a mask that covers the nose and delivers air under enough pressure to keep the breathing passages open.

Answer 81

SLEEP APNEA

Question 82

Surgery can be helpful to some cases. Drugs have mild to moderate benefits.

Answer 82

SLEEP APNEA

Question 83

periods of sudden sleepiness during the day.

Answer 83

NARCOLEPSY

Question 84

affects about 1 person in 1,000.

Answer 84

NARCOLEPSY

Question 85

Sometimes runs in the family but most cases emerge in people with no affected relative.

Answer 85

NARCOLEPSY

Question 86

Cause related to a loss of the hypothalamic cells that release orexin. In many cases autoimmune reaction.

Answer 86

NARCOLEPSY

Question 87

NARCOLEPSY Treatment: ____________ to enhance dopamine and norepinephrine activity.

Answer 87

stimulant drugs

Question 88

Symptoms of NARCOLEPSY

Answer 88

1. Attacks of sleepiness during the day 2. Occasional cataplexy 3. Sleep paralysis 4. Hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 89

an attack of muscle weakness while the person remains awake. Cataplexy is often triggered by strong emotions, such as anger or great excitement.

Answer 89

Occasional cataplex

Question 90

an inability to move while falling asleep or waking up. Many people have experienced sleep paralysis occasionally, but people with narcolepsy experience it frequently.

Answer 90

Sleep paralysis

Question 91

dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality, often at the onset of sleep.

Answer 91

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Question 92

characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep. Legs kick once every 20 to 30 seconds for minutes or hours mostly during NREM sleep.

Answer 92

PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENT DISORDER

Question 93

common mostly middle-aged and older.

Answer 93

PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENT DISORDER

Question 94

an experience of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror.

Answer 94

NIGHT TERRORS

Question 95

more severe than nightmare which is simply an unpleasant dream

Answer 95

NIGHT TERRORS

Question 96

Occur during NREM sleep and are more common in children than adults.

Answer 96

NIGHT TERRORS

Question 97

Dream content is usually simple such as a single image.

Answer 97

NIGHT TERRORS

Question 98

REM Behavior disorder. people move around vigorously during their REM periods, apparently acting out their dreams.

Answer 98

REM BEHAVIOR DISORDER

Question 99

frequently dream about defending themselves against attack and they may punch, kick and leap about often injure themselves or other people and damage property.

Answer 99

REM BEHAVIOR DISORDER

Question 100

runs in families and occurs mostly in children.

Answer 100

SLEEPWALKING (SOMNAMBOLISM)

Question 101

Common when people are sleep deprived or under unusual stress.

Answer 101

SLEEPWALKING (SOMNAMBOLISM)

Question 102

Common during slow-wave sleep early in the night. It does not occur during REM sleep when the large muscles are completely relaxed.

Answer 102

SLEEPWALKING (SOMNAMBOLISM)

Question 103

have additional sleep difficulties such as chronic snoring, disordered sleep breathing, bed-wetting and night terrors.

Answer 103

SLEEPWALKING (SOMNAMBOLISM)

Question 104

sleep sex

Answer 104

Sexsomnia

Question 105

sleeping people engage in sexual behavior wither with a partner or by masturbation. Many people with sexsomnia also sleepwalked as children.

Answer 105

Sexsomnia