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Physiology > Week 10 Summary > Flashcards

Week 10 Summary Flashcards

1
Q

Two groups of organs which compose the digestive system

A

The GI tract and the accessory organs

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2
Q

What is the GI tract

A

Continuous tube including the organs, mouth, pharynx, oesophegus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

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3
Q

What are the digestive accessory organs

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas

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4
Q

6 basic processes of the digestive system?

A

ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption and excretion

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5
Q

Ingestion involves

A

taking foods and liquids into the mouth

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6
Q

Secretion involves

A

cells in GI tract walls and accessory organs secrete water, acid, buffer and exymes

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7
Q

Mixing and propulsion involves

A

alternation contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in GI tract walls to mix food with secretions and move them along

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8
Q

Mechanical digestion involves

A

teeth cut and grinding food, smooth muscle churns food

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9
Q

Chemical digestion involves

A

digestive enzyme catalyze the hydrolysis of larger molecules so they may be absorbed

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10
Q

Absorption involes

A

digested molecules enter epithelial cells and are absorbed into the blood and lymph and circulate to cells around the body

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11
Q

Defecation involves

A

Wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria and digested material not absorbed is excreted through the anus as faeces

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12
Q

Enteric Nervous sytem

A

The brain of the gut, contains neurons within the wall of the GI tract

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13
Q

Plexuses of the ENS

A

Myenteric and submucosal plexus

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14
Q

Myenteric Plexus controls

A

Frequency and strength of GI motility

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15
Q

Submucosal plexus controls

A

Secretions of GI organs

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16
Q

Interneurons of the GI connect

A

Myenteric and submucosal plexuses

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17
Q

Submucosal sensory neurons detect stimuli in the GI tract, what are the two types of receptors?

A

chemoreceptors and maechanoreceptors

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18
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to

A

chemical stimuli

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19
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to

A

stretch as the food distends

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20
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

ENS neurons are subject to the regulation of neurons in the autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

decrease secretion and motility by inhibiting neurons of the ENS

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22
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

increase secretion and motility by increasing the activity of ENS neurons

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23
Q

Difference between long and short reflex of the GI

A

Short reflex - input, integration and output all takes place in the GI tract, long reflex - Central nervous system is involved

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24
Q

Salivary glands

A

produce saliva to soften, moisten and dissolve food, initiates digestion of starch

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25
Q

Teeth

A

cut, tear and grind food to reduce solids to smaller particles

26
Q

Pancreas

A

the pancreas aids in digestion by producing digestive enzymes and secreting them

27
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile required for the emulsification and absorption of lipids in the small intestine

28
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine

29
Q

Mouth

A

site of ingestion, contains teeth and tonguem buccal glands produce saliva

30
Q

pharynx

A

Receives bolus from oral cavity and passes it into the oesophagus

31
Q

Oesophagus

A

Receives bous from pharynx, moves it to stomach

32
Q

Stomach

A

contracts to combine saliva. food and gastric juices, moves chyme to the small intestine

33
Q

Small intestine

A

mixes chyme with digestive juices, moves chyme through completes digestion and is the site of nutrient absorption

34
Q

Large intestine

A

absorbing electrolytes, water and vitamins, forming and propelling faeces for excretion

35
Q

Three phases of digestion

A

Cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal phase

36
Q

Cephalic phase stimulus

A

Comes from the brain, sight smell or taste of food

37
Q

Cephalic phase effects

A

Increased parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach via the vagus nerve (long reflex), increased secretions and motility

38
Q

Overall effect of the cephalic phase

A

Prepare stomach to deal with arriving food

39
Q

Gastric phase stimulus

A

Food entering the stomach (distension, presence of protein, increased pH)

40
Q

Gastric phase effects

A

Increase vagal stimulation (long reflex) and short reflexes, increase secretions and motility

41
Q

Gastric phase overall effects

A

Help the stomach to deal with newly arrived food

42
Q

Intestinal phase stimulus

A

Entry of chyme into the small intestine (distension, presence of fats, decreased pH)

43
Q

Intestinal phase effects

A

decreased vagal stimulation/increased sympathetic stimulation (long reflex) and decreased motility and secretions (short reflexes)

44
Q

Overall effects of intestinal phase

A

Slow stomach to limit entry of chyme into small intestine to prevent overloading

45
Q

What other effects can these phases have?

A

Each phase can also be inhibitory, for example, if you were depressed

46
Q

Starch and glycogen is broke down into disaccharides by

A

salivary(mouth) and pancreatic amylase(small intestine)

47
Q

Disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by

A

brush border enzymes(small intestine)

48
Q

Proteins are broken down to large polypeptides by

A

Pepsin and HCL (stomach)

49
Q

Large polypeptides are broken down into smaller polypeptides by

A

pancreatic enzymes (small intestine)

50
Q

Smaller polypeptides are broken does to amino acids/di & tri-peptides by

A

Brush border enzymes (small intestine)

51
Q

How and where are proteins and carbohydrates absorbed?

A

absorbed by epithelial cells of lumen, transported into capillaries (active transport)

52
Q

Carbohydrate enzymes

A

amylases, disaccharidases, brush border enxymes

53
Q

Lipid enzymes

A

pancreatic lipases

54
Q

Protein enzymes

A

pepsin, proteases, brush border enzymes

55
Q

What are the structural modifications of the small intestine?

A

Circular folds. villi and microvilli

56
Q

What is the function of the modifications?

A

To increase surface area to aid in absorption

57
Q

Anabolic

A

Building larger molecules from smaller molecules

58
Q

Catabolic

A

Break down larger molecules e.g. hydrolysis

59
Q

Absorptive state

A

4 hour window during/after eating where nutrients are flushing into blood, glucose is the energy source, excess substrates are stoed, anabolic

60
Q

Post absorptive state

A

fasted state, catabolic, energy retrieved from stores, fatty acids are the main energy source,

61
Q

postabsorptive state reactions

A

oxidation of fatty acids, ketones, amino acids, lactic acid, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis,

Physiology (13 decks)

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