The first poo - Greenish brown colour - Bad smelling - Secretory things in digestive tract - bile salts - System started operating but nothing to digest

Week 108: The Normal Child Flashcards by Hannah Wheldon-Holmes

What are the primitive reflexes?

Suck
Swallow
Grasp
Moro

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What is the plantar reflex?

Reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument

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What is the Babinski response in an infant?

The big toe moves upwards or towards the tops surface of the foot and the other toes fan out

If this happens in adults or children older than 2, it is a sign of brain or nervous system disorder

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What is a term pregnancy?

40 weeks

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What is a term pregnancy embryologically?

38 weeks

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What is proliferation?

An increase in the number of cells

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What is hypertrophy?

An increase in cell size

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What is accretion?

Increase in the extracellular content

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What does the ectoderm produce?

Hair
Retina
Outer layer of skin
Central nervous system
Outer lining of everything

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What does the endoderm produce?

Lining of the gut
Secretory cells of the GI tract
Inside of the respiratory tract
Inner lining of everything

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What does the mesoderm produce?

Muscle
Bone
Organs (kidneys, reproductive, some of lungs, GI tract)

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What is vernix?

The things covering a baby when it is first born

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What is meconium?

The first poo

Greenish brown colour
Bad smelling
Secretory things in digestive tract - bile salts
System started operating but nothing to digest

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What is the normal heart rate of a newborn?

110-150

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What is the normal respiratory rate of a newborn?

40-60

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What is a normal blood pressure for a newborn?

65/40

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What is a normal weight for a newborn?

3.5kg or in the range of 2.7kg - 4.6kg

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What is the ductus venous?

Allows half of blood straight into the inferior vena cava rather than going to the liver first

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What is the foramen ovale?

Becomes the fossa oval in adults

Hole between two atria
Normal in babies

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What is the ductus arteriosus?

Pulmonary artery goes to the aorta - reduced blood flow to lungs compared to adults

In adult it is the ligamentum arteriosum

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How does temperature maintenance work in young children?

Difficult as large surface area to weight ratio
Unable to sweat or shiver
Abundant brown fat deposits to produce heat to compensate
Cutaneous blood flow very sensitive to temperature change to keep cool
Heart murmurs quite common in newborns though tend to go quite quickly
Abnormal breathing: grunting, nasal flaring, chest recession, tachypnoea, bradypnoea

How does nutrition work in the first few days of life?

Large glycogen store in the liver
Can use ketone bodies from fat breakdown
Overly hydrated at birth
Colostrum in initial breast milk (low volume, high energy, rich in protein, rich in immune cells)

How much milk per day is normal?

150ml/kg/day

Why is jaundice common in the first week?

Liver has not developed sufficiently

10% require phototherapy
Premature child has high likelihood of jaundice and is more likely to need treatment

What is physiological anaemia?

High oxygen saturation at birth - EPO undetectable - Anaemia at 5-8 weeks of life - EPO begins again

How much birthweight is lost in the first week and why?

10 % - Birthweight is mainly water

What is erythema toxicum?

Rash of term infants: migratory rash, starts at foot then goes to ankle after leaving foot Normal condition in first few years

What is milia?

White dots round the face Normal condition in first few years

What is molluscum contagiosum?

Common condition where small, warty bumps appear on the skin Normal condition in first few years

Which hormones are used pre-pubertely?

Growth hormone | Thyroid hormone

Which hormones are used in pubescence?

Sex hormones

What are key factors for growth in an infant?

Nutrition Lifestyle Happiness Environment

What is adrenarche?

6-8 years | Pubic hair growth

What is gonadarche?

Development of gonads and breasts

What causes epiphyseal plate fusion?

Oestrogen - Hence height difference between girls and boys

What is an expected height?

Mid-parental height +/- 8.5cm

What happened in Pavlov's Dog experiment?

Conditioning - Drooling with food and bell - Rang bell on serving food then only had to ring the bell and the dog started salivating ⇒ Association between something and something else

What happened in the Little Albert experiment?

Conditional emotional response - Fear of toy through scary noise

What happened in the Milgrim Emotional Study?

Person in position of authority has lots of power - Participant was told to give someone an electric shock and was told to keep going even when the person sounded like they were about to die

How does Huntington's disease present?

- Lack of emotions and lack of recognition of needs of others - Alternating periods of aggression, excitement, depression, apathy, antisocial behaviour, anger, - Memory, orientation, concentration difficulties - Depression - Uncontrollable movements of the face Jerking, flicking or fidgety movements in limbs - Generally diagnosed between 35-55

How does cystic fibrosis present?

- Thick sticky mucous in the body covers a number of organs - Persistent coughing and wheezing to try to shift the mucous - Recurring chest and lung infections - Large smelly stools (digestive enzymes are not produced) - Malnutrition - Sinusitis - Arthritis - Osteoporosis - Meconium illus (stuck poo) - Life expectancy now to live into 40s - Generally diagnosed within first year

How does Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy present?

- Have difficulty walking, running, jumping - Have difficulty standing up - Learn to speak later than usual - Be unable to climb stairs without support - Have behavioural or learning difficulties - Usually only live until 30s due to respiratory and heart failure - Boys generally affected more than girls - Diagnosed between the ages of 1 and 3

Why is folic acid given to expectant mothers?

To prevent neural tube defects

What does autosomal recessive mean?

That you need two genes to have the disease, but only one to carry

What does autosomal dominant mean?

That you need one gene to have the disease or carry it

What does x-linked recessive mean?

That you need 1 gene in men to have or carry the disease | That you need 2 genes in women to have the disease, 1 gene to carry it

What does x-linked dominant mean?

That you need 1 gene to have or carry the disease

Give 7 examples of autosomal dominant disorders

``` Acute Intermittent Porphyria Huntington's Disease Marfan's Syndrome Von Willebrand Disease Long QT Syndrome Hypercholesterolaemia Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease ```

Give 6 examples of autosomal recessive disorders

``` Cystic fibrosis Phenylketonuria Sickle-Cell Disease Spinal Muscular Atrophy Tay-Sachs Disease Haemochromatosis ```

Give 1 example of an x-linked dominant disorder

Klinefelter Syndrome

Give 3 examples of x-linked recessive disorders

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Fragile X Syndrome Haemophilia (A)