Week 103: COPD

Question 1

What is the tidal volume?

Answer 1

The volume of air drawn into and out of the lungs during normal breathing

Question 2

What is the resting tidal volume?

Answer 2

500ml

Question 3

What is the vital capacity?

Answer 3

The maximum tidal volume when an individual breathes in and out as far as possible

Question 4

What is normal vital capacity?

Answer 4

5500ml

Question 5

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 5

The difference in volume between a resting and maximum expiration

Question 6

What is normal expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 6

1700ml

Question 7

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 7

The difference in volume between a resting and maximum inspiration

Question 8

What is normal inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 8

3300ml

Question 9

What is the total lung capacity?

Answer 9

The volume in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

Question 10

What is a normal total lung capacity?

Answer 10

7300ml

Question 11

What is the residual volume?

Answer 11

The total lung capacity after maximum expiration

Question 12

What is the normal residual volume?

Answer 12

1800ml

Question 13

What is the function residual capacity?

Answer 13

The volume of the lungs at the end of a normal breath, when the respiratory muscles are relaxed

• Determined by the balance between outward elastic recoil of the chest wall and inward elastic recoil of the lungs

Question 14

What is the intrapleural pressure?

Answer 14

-0.2 to -0.5kPa

Question 15

What is the dead space?

Answer 15

Refers to the volume of the airways that does not take part in gas exchange

Question 16

What is normal function residual capacity?

Answer 16

3500ml

Question 17

What is FEV1?

Answer 17

As much as can be expired in 1 second

Question 18

What is FVC?

Answer 18

Total volume that can be expired

Question 19

What happens to the FEV1 and FVC in obstructive conditions?

Answer 19

Lower FEV1

Reduced FVC

Question 20

What happens to the FEV1 and FVC in restrictive conditions?

Answer 20

Slightly affected FEV1

Reduced FVC

Question 21

What is chronic bronchitis?

Answer 21

A productive morning cough for 3+ months/year for at least two consecutive years

Question 22

What is emphysema?

Answer 22

Reduced elastin, airways collapse on expiration

Question 23

What is normal blood pressure in the lungs?

Answer 23

25/8

Question 24

What is normal blood pressure in systemic circulation?

Answer 24

120/80 +/- 10/15

Question 25

What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

Answer 25

Low oxygen in alveoli - Leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction

Question 26

What causes the reverse effect of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

Answer 26

Exercise

Question 27

What in the brain controls breathing rates?

Answer 27

Medulla

Question 28

What in the brain controls expiratory/inspiratory impulses?

Answer 28

Pons

Question 29

What detects O2?

Answer 29

Peripheral chemo receptors

Question 30

What detects CO2?

Answer 30

Central chemo receptors

Question 31

Which condition can central chemo receptors be lost in?

Answer 31

COPD

Question 32

What leads someone to be at risk of emphysema?

Answer 32

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

Question 33

What is the first line treatment of COPD?

Answer 33

Lifestyle changes

Question 34

What drugs are used for acute exacerbations of COPD?

Answer 34

Corticosteroids

Question 35

What do mucolytic therapies do?

Answer 35

Break up mucous and decrease need for antibiotics

Question 36

What is an example of a mucolytic drug?

Answer 36

Carbocysteine

Question 37

What are the main groups of drugs used in COPD treatment?

Answer 37

Beta 2 agonists and anti-muscarinics

Question 38

When inhalers are used, what improvement would you expect in a peak flow reading?

Answer 38

18% - not seen with COPD patients

Question 39

What are two examples of short acting beta 2 agonists?

Answer 39

Salbutamol | Terbutaline

Question 40

What are two examples of long acting beta 2 agonists?

Answer 40

Salmeterol | Formetarol

Question 41

What can long acting beta 2 agonists cause?

Answer 41

Tremours | Tachycardia caused by hypokalaemia

Question 42

What are two examples of anti-muscarinic drugs?

Answer 42

Tiatropium | Ipotropium

Question 43

What side effects do anti-muscarinic drugs give?

Answer 43

Atropine-like side effects: - Constipation - Dry mucous membranes