Week 11

Question 1

Motor learning

Answer 1

The permanent change in the performance levels of a task as a result of practice.

Question 2

What are the two categories of motor learning?

Answer 2

Sensorimotor adaptation
Skill learning

Question 3

Sensorimotor adaptation (relearning)

Answer 3

Responds to changed environmental conditions by reducing errors to regain a previous level of performance.
- recovery of function post-neurological injury

Question 4

Skill learning

Answer 4

Involves new muscle activation pattern acquisition in order to achieve a greater level of performance.
- e.g: learning to play tennis, or riding a bike

Question 5

Performance curves

Answer 5

Illustrates how good one is getting performance-wise across time

Question 6

Retention tests

Answer 6

• A certain assessment on the performance of a learned skill after a period of time following practice
• It assesses the persistence of improved performance

E.g: pre-post-retention test paradigm for clinical trials in rehabilitation

Question 7

Transfer tests

Answer 7

A situation where someone needs to adapt to the skill

Question 8

Transfer of learning

Answer 8

The influence of a previously learned skill being used on learning a new skill
- very important for teaching motor learning skills

Question 9

Positive transfer

Answer 9

• When a previous skill helps with the learning of a new skill
• when it’s more similar, more likely to transfer

Question 10

Negative transfer

Answer 10

• When a previous skill interferes with the learning of a new skill
• Occurs when a new response is needed for an old stimulus
• typically temporary and can be overcome with practice

Question 11

Zero transfer

Answer 11

Experience with a previous skill having no impact on a new skill

Question 12

Bilateral transfer of learning

Answer 12

Involves the improvement in performance of one limb as a result of practice with the opposite one
E.g: dribbling in soccer or basketball

Question 13

What is the expected transfer from the preferred limb to the non-preferred one?

Answer 13

Expect a greater transfer.

Question 14

How do bilateral transfer effects happen?

Answer 14

They are results of both cognitive and motor factors

Occurs faster when one limb is practiced to a reasonable degree of proficiency. (E.g: if you want to learn how do dribble with both sides is to get really good at one side first)

Question 15

What can augmented feedback help with?

Answer 15

• allows learner to determine if they’re appropriately performing the skill
• can motivate the learner to continue to try and reach their goal
• not all situation benefit from or require feedback

Question 16

What is augmented feedback?*

Question 17

What two categories are there for augmented feedback?

Answer 17

1. Knowledge of results
2. Knowledge of performance

Question 18

Knowledge of Results

Answer 18

Information about the outcome of performing a skill or achieving the goal itself

Question 19

Knowledge of performance*

Question 20

What are the benefits of knowledge of performance?**

Answer 20

• ## motor skills need specific movement characteristics

Question 21

When do we need augmented feedback?

Answer 21

• when you’re learning a new skill, the highest yielding feedback are the correctional feedback. In the later stages augmented feedback is not as useful
• qualitative feedback is much more useful than quantitative feedback when making an approximation of the required movement

Question 22

Erroneous feedback

Answer 22

Learners will use something despite it being wrong
- develops bad habits

Question 23

What information should we give as KR or KP?

Answer 23

• no more or no less information should be given than the learner is capable of handling.
• must focus on the part of the skill that needs to be corrected
• augmented feedback shouldn’t be given at every practice trial

Question 24

How effective are videos as a form of KR and KP

Answer 24

the skill level of a student is important to determine whether or not it is effective:
- beginner need the help of an instructor to point out information from the replay

Must present meaningful information

Question 25

How much practice does someone need?*

Answer 25

- establish practice conditions that will lead to maximum test performance - Is very individualistic

Question 26

Opened vs Closed skills

Answer 26

Open: Playing in a game Closed: Playing in practice

Question 27

What is mental practice?

Answer 27

Rehearsing a physical skill cognitively instead of actually doing it. - involves imaging the actual correct performance of the movement Reinforces a proper response to help an upcoming response E.g: diver, gymnast, skier

Question 28

How helpful is mental practice?

Answer 28

- Can have a negative outcome if visualized incorrectly - When used properly, can be helpful to learn a new skill, perform the skill, and retain the motor skills

Question 29

What is ergonomics?

Answer 29

The natural laws of work - how does the environment you operate in fit according t you?

Question 30

Ergonomics & Human factors

Answer 30

North America: - “ergonomics” =physical factors - “human fsctors” = cognitive issues Europe: - born physical and cognitive factors

Question 31

What is the philosophy of ergonomics

Answer 31

Take a system approach: - design form inside out - design around human needs and capabilities

Question 32

How does ergonomics contribute to fields of knowledge?*

Question 33

What is EMG?

Answer 33

- Detects electrical representation of muscle activiry Changing desk height helps with long term muscle activation A. Optimal set up B. Shoulder elevation where traps are activated( constantly shrugging) C. Shoulder abduction with deltoid activation (elbows to the side on the table)

Question 34

How can we reduce ergonomically injuries?

Answer 34

Increased Occupational Health and Safety Reducing musculoskeletal disorders through design of equipment, tools, workstations and jobs. Enhanced rehabilitation programs Task analysis techniques allow Ergonomists to determine jobs, or parts of jobs which can be performed by injured workers to allow them to return to work

Question 35

How is the workforce changing?

Answer 35

- more diverse workforce means that workplace design and job demands must reflect a wider fanged of worker capabilities and limitations Work is changing: - increases shift work, working from home, more repetitive tasks

Question 36

How can we improve workplaces?

Answer 36

- Should analyze whether or not the person doing their job can physically perform it. Can establish placement requirements if an individual can’t do it anymore. - Need more effective training programs so a worker has the skills and knowledge to perform their job - should address psychosocial issues in the workplace such as management styles, organizational design, job design, motivation, and teamwork.

Question 37

How does productivity impact quality?

Answer 37

More comfortable workers are able to work more efficiently.

Question 38

Regulation/legislation**

Question 39

Hierarchy of controls**

Answer 39

Elimination: remove the hazard Substitution: replace the hazard Engineering conteils Administrative controls PPE