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Oral Path Test 2 > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Oral candidiasis is also known as

A

Thrush
Oral candidosis
Candida stomatitis

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2
Q

The immune system and the body’s normal bacteria usually keep Candida in balance when the balance is interrupted it can result in

A

An overgrowth of the Candida fungus

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3
Q

Candida albicans accumulates in the lining of your mouth and may spread to

A

The roof of your mouth, gums, tonsils air back of your theoat

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4
Q

Risk factors for thrush include

A

Weakened immune system
Medications
Illness
Poor fitting dentures
Smoking
Stress

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5
Q

The following diseases and conditions may make someone more susceptible to oral candidiasis

A

HIV/AIDS
Cancer
Diabetes Mellitus
Vaginal yeast infections

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6
Q

If the candida infection does not go away once the cycle of medications has finished it can be an indication of

A

A much more severe disease taking place in the individual

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7
Q

For pts with HIV/AIDS the two common types of oral candidiasis in the oral cavity are

A

Oropharyngeal
Esophageal

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8
Q

A common sign of oral candidiasis is the presence of a

A

Creamy white, slightly raised lesion usually on the tongue or buccal mucosa
-also found on the palate, tonsilar and esophageal area

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9
Q

The lesions have a cottage cheese appearance, can be painful and may

A

Bleed

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10
Q

There are 5 main antifungal medications used for treatment of oral candidiasis

A

Nyastatin
Clotrimazole
Econazole
Diflucan
Miconazole

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11
Q

Differential diagnosis between oral candidiasis and chemical burns

A

-Chemical burns can not be scraped off
-after discontinuation of chemical agents lesions will diminish in 7-14 days

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12
Q

Idiopathic osteosclerosis description

A

-localized radiopacity that does not expand
-non inflammatory
-vital
-unknown etiology
-is asymptomatic and may appear round, elliptical or irregular
-may cause problems in the positioning of the teeth or during ortho trx
-not attached to the tooth

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13
Q

Cause of osteosclerosis

A

Unknown
Suggested causes include
-retained primary root fragments
-bone deposited in response to unusual occlusal forces
-anatomic variations similar to tori

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14
Q

Clinical manifestations of osteosclerosis

A

Appears as a radio dense radiopacity around the roots of teeth close to the apex or intra radicular. Most commonly seen around premolars and molars but can be located anywhere in the jaw

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15
Q

Treatment of idiopathic osteosclerosis

A

Bc it’s not a disease no trx required
-prognosis is good
Take routine X-rays

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16
Q

Condensing osteitis

A

Periapical inflammatory disease
Results in excessive bone
Production due to perio infection
Tooth is non vital
-can differentiate from idiopathic osteosclerosis because it is non vital

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17
Q

Sclerosing osteomyelitis

A

-Localized overgrowth of bone on the outer surface of the cortex
-mainly affects children and young adults
-described as a duplication of the cortical layer of the mandible
-expandable
-can be differentiated from idiopathic osteosclerosis because it can expand and is usually associated with carious teeth

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18
Q

Cementoblastoma

A

-masses of cementum attached to root surface
-round radiopacity with a radiolucency at the rim
-expandable- grows slowly
-can differentiate from osteosclerosis because it expands

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19
Q

Hypercementosis

A

-an increase in the thickness of cementum on the root surfaces
-cementum is not able to fulfill its functions
-can differentiate from osteosclerosis because it is attached to the root surfaces whereas osteosclerosis isn’t

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20
Q

What is irritation fibroma

A

Also known as traumatic fibroma
-painless, localized mass
-produced from proliferation of dense fibrous scar tissue
-results from a single traumatic episode or repeated, less severe traumatic episodes
-may also result from chronic inflammation or infection
-this inflammatory hyperplasia is the most common oral mucosal mass submitted for biopsy

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21
Q

Specialized forms of irritation fibroma occur where

A

Under dentures, along dentures edges, and on inflamed gingiva
-thus inflammatory hyperplasia is the most common oral mucosal mass submitted for biopsy

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22
Q

Description of irritation fibroma

A

Pink mucosal nodule
-maybe sessile or pedunculated
-usually reaches its maximum size within a few months
-71% of all fibroma appear in buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, and on the lateral borders of the tongue
-colour may be: normal, pale from decreased vascularity, white from thickened surface keratin, red and ulcerated from recurring trauma

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23
Q

Pyogenic granuloma

A

-common skin growth that appears as a red shiny mass
-defined by growth of connective tissue containing numerous blood vessels and inflammatory cells
-develops due to reaction from minor injury or irritation
-can be seen on any oral mucosal surface at any age
-more common on gingiva in children older than 6 months as well as pregnant females

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24
Q

Hyperplasia gingival inflammation

A

-hyperplastic gingival inflammation is characterized by an increase in the size of the marginal and attached gingiva, mostly interdental papillae
-seen when plaque accumulates on teeth (when OH is not adequate)
-can be localized or generalized
-gingiva contours are rounded and stippling is lost
-gingiva is soft, red and bleeds easily; condition resolves with effective oral hygiene practices to remove the plaque and irritants in the teeth

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25
Hemangioma
-proliferation of blood vessels which is seen at birth or early childhood -can be present on the top layer of takin, deeper in the skin or a mixture of both -usually appears in face and neck -symptoms are: a red to reddish purple raised sore on the skin and a massive raised tumor with blood vessels
26
Clinical manifestations regarding fibroma
-presents on oral mucosa or soft tissue -average size = 1cm -most often appears buccal at the occlusion line labially, and in lateral borders of tongue -solitary, firm, smooth nodule -usually the same colour as rest of oral mucosa (may be red& ulcerated causing a scaly surface, may be pale or white and keratinized)
27
Prognosis of irritation fibroma
Good -painless -no living cells and no toxic substances -do not pose a threat to oral or systemic health -no risk of malignant transformation
28
What is methamphetamine
Very dangerous CNS stimulant that can cause shortness of breath, vomiting, hyperthermia, nausea, diarrhea, irregular heartbeat, high BP, permanent brain damage and rampant tooth decay
29
What is meth mouth
Term that refers to the destruction of the teeth and gums that is commonly found in the mouths of methamphetamine abusers.
30
The act of smoking meth causes
Xerostomia Which contributes to tooth decay and gum disease
31
Clinical manifestations of meth mouth
-during the high period the user craves sugary beverages and they tend to not brush or floss -drug contains an acidic portion which can damage the teeth causing destruction of the enamel -users tend to grind/clentch -the drug itself has the potential to dry up the saliva in the mouth
32
Trx of meth mouth in the dental setting
-if client is still using providing dental trx could be very dangerous because the potential combo of LA and meth can cause serious cardiac problems -dentist must arrest decay, increase salivary flow, suggest change in diet, behavioural change -depending on severity of damage done in oral cavity, a partial or complete denture could be necessary
33
How can you tell if the dental decay is due to meth if the client doesn’t admit to the drug use
Most likely meth addiction if they have a disorganized life and miss appointments, are malnourished, and lose weight in a short period of time, moody, show aggression, eat a lot of sweets -orally: enamel gray brown or black and has a soft texture, bad osc, bruxism, Xerostomia -meth tooth decay mimics the erosion from excessive soda drinking
34
Leukoplakia description
A clinical term used to identify a white plaque like lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be wiped off and cannot be diagnosed as any other disease in a clinical basis
35
Leukoplakia prevalence
Smokers are 6 times more likely to develop leukoplakia than non smokers
36
Leukoplakia clinical manifestations
Sharply defined bright white patches that are slightly raised. Surface may appear leathery, smooth or wrinkled
37
Trx of leukoplakia
Removal of possible predisposed factors, 3 month recare, smoking cessation, biopsy, surgical removal
38
Leukoplakia prognosis
Increase risks of malignant transformation include smoking, older people, larger patches, and patches that have been present for a long period of time
39
Leukoplakia differential diagnosis
Pseudomembranous candidiasis
40
Lichen planus description
Benign chronic disease that affects the skin and oral mucosa. Lesions have pattern of interconnecting lines called striae
41
Lichen planus prevalence
Most common in middle aged people with a predisposition for females
42
Lichen planus clinical manifestations
Patches of tiny white dots and lines that look like lace, redness and swelling, peeling on the gums, painful sores. Erosive plaque like lesions may occur
43
Lichen planus treatment
Topical corticosteroid creams if the itch or appearance is unpleasant. In severe cases, oral medications and therapy with UV light. Oral medications may include prednisone or metronidazole
44
Lichen planus prognosis and differential diagnosis
Usually goes away by itself in time, average duration of condition is usually 4 years -differential diagnosis: leukoplakia, thrush and bite trauma
45
Nicotine stomatitis (smokers palate) description and prevalence
Benign lesion in the hard palate. Caused by the concentration the steam of smoke -prevalence: more often seen in pipe and cigar smokers
46
Nicotine stomatitis clinical manifestations
White, pacification of the palatal mucosa with raised red dots at the openings minor salivary ducts
47
Nicotine stomatitis treatment and prognosis
Trx: only trx is to stop smoking, changes improve within 1-2 weeks. Any persistent areas should be biopsied Prognosis: early mucosal changes are generally reversible in stopping the habit
48
Nicotine stomatitis differential diagnosis
Reverse smokers palate, leukoplakia, candidiasis, and lichen planus
49
Leukoedema description and prevalence
A condition characterized by the generalized opalescence of the buccal mucosa -more prevalent in African Americans
50
Leukoedema clinical manifestations
Gray-white film that gives the mucosa an opalescent quality. Appears more pronounced in smokers
51
Leukoedema treatment and differential diagnosis
No Trx is necessary Differential diagnosis: smokeless tobacco keratosis, frictional keratosis, white sponge nevus
52
Erythroplakia description and prevalence
A clinical term used to describe an oral mucosal lesion that appears as smooth red patch or granular red and velvety patch -appears more frequently in those between 50-79 and a predisposition for males
53
Erythroplakia clinical manifestations and treatment
Fiery red, well demarcated plaque with a smooth velvety surface. Red lesions may be associated with white spots or small plaques -Trx a biopsy of the lesion is used to identify extent of dysplasia. Complete excision of the lesion is advised
54
Erythroplakia prognosis and differential diagnosis
After surgery, lesions can reoccur and needs to be monitored long term -differential diagnosis: non-homogeneous leukoplakia, erosive lichen planus, acute Atrophic candidiasis, invasive oral cancer, pemphigus, lupus erythematosus and haemangioma
55
Orval carcinoma (oral cancer) description, prevalence and clinical manifestations
Any cancerous tissue growth in the oral cavity. Tumours that arise in the oral mucosa tissue are most commonly related to changes in the lining in the mouth -men are more susceptible than women (2:1) -white or red patches in the mouth or lips, sore or blisters in the mouth (lasting more than 2 weeks), difficulty swallowing, ear aches, bleeding in mouth
56
Oral carcinoma (oral cancer) Trx, prognosis and differential diagnosis
Surgical excision, radiation therapy (with or without chemotherapy) -post op disfigurement of the face, head and neck could occur, may have complications from radiation including Xerostomia and difficulty swallowing -differential diagnosis: lymphoma, minor salivary gland tumours, sarcoma and infection
57
Smokers melanosis descriptions prevalence and clinical manifestations
A type of melanosis in which the melanin pigmentation is associated with smoking and the intensity is related to the amount and duration of smoking -occurs in 25-31% of tobacco users -appears as a brown patch/discolouration of the oral mucosa
58
Smokers melanosis trx, prognosis and differential diagnosis
With quitting smoking the lesions usually disappear from 3 months to 3 years. If it doesn’t disappear a biopsy can verify diagnosis -routine follow up to ensure that the lesion is slowing and disappearing -addisons disease, Albright syndrome, hemochromatosis, neurofibromatosis, oral malignant melanoma
59
Tobacco pouch keratosis aka smokeless tobacco keratosis. Description prevalence and clinical manifestations
-a white lesion in the area where tobacco is habitually placed, most common is in the Muccobuccal fold area -seen in individuals who use smokeless tobacco in any of its many forms. Generally men -granular or wrinkled appearance in early lesions. Long standing lesions may be more opaquely white and have a corrugated surface
60
Tobacco pouch keratosis treatment prognosis and differential diagnosis
-lesion disappears when the tobacco is not longer placed in the area -long term exposure leads to an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma -frictional hyperkeratosis, chemical injury or burn, lichen planus
61
Chewers mucosa description, prevalence, clinical manifestations
Clinically seen as a brownish red discolouration of oral mucosa with irregular epithelial surface that has tendency to desquamate or peel off -affects more women than men and strongly associated with betel chewers -brownish red discolouration of oral mucosa often accompanied with encrustation
62
Chewers mucosa treatment prognosis and differential diagnosis
Tobacco cessation, surgery if there is evidence of dysplasia or if in high risk areas on the mouth -good prognosis, should have long term follow up -leukoplakia, Erythroplakia, lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis

Oral Path Test 2 (3 decks)

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