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Neuroanatomy > week 11 > Flashcards

week 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

vestibular system maintains

A

head and body posture maintained in relation to head

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2
Q

vestibular disease is an ____ disease

A

assymetric

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3
Q

what can cause vestibular disease

A

inner ear on one side
CN VIII on one side
medulla lesion that gets one vestibular trigone, but not the other

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4
Q

what is the classic sign of vestibular disease

A

head tilt

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5
Q

head tilt is on what side

A

the side of the least vestibular tone (usually the side of the lesion)

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6
Q

what are the receptros for the vestibular system

A

crista ampullaris

macula

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7
Q

crista ampullaris

A

dendritic zone of CN VIII (vestibular part), tonically active, on/off
adjusts body posture in relation to head movement to maintain balance

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8
Q

macula

A

dendritic zone of CN VIII; primarily affected by gravity

detects static head position and linear acceleration/deceleration

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9
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

receptors, axonz, vestibular ganglion, axons, into medulla, vestibular nuclei

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10
Q

important projections from the vestibular nuclei

A

vestibulospinal tract
medial longitudinal fasciculus
projection to cerebellum

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11
Q

what are the signs of vestibular disease

A 
head tilt
rolling, falling, circling
vestibular ataxia
abnormal nystagmus
ventrolateral strabismus (transient)
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12
Q

normal nystagmus

A

same sized pupils
eyes centrally located in orbit
eye should not be moving

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13
Q

spontaneous nystagmus

A

loss of tonic stimulation of CN II, IV, VI

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14
Q

Vertrical

A

central!

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15
Q

pendulous

A

no fast or slow phase
oscillatory movements back and forth
typically not vestibular (genetic in siamese)

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16
Q

positional nystagmus

A

elevate head, turn head to side, or twist head
if nystagmus ensues-> positional
vertical -> central
changes position -> central

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17
Q

peripheral disease

A 
lesion in PNS
CN VIII or Inner ear
head tilt towards side of lesion
asymmetric ataxia
horizontal or rotary nystagmus (fast phase away from side of lesion); more commonly acutely
eye drop on side of lesion
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18
Q

3 keys to peripheral

A

classic vestibular signs
no loss of strength
postural responses

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19
Q

bilateral peripheral disease

A

no head tllt; no vestibular nystagmus

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20
Q

central disease

A

lesion in CNS (medulla)
classic vestibular signs
spastic hemiparesis/paresis (UMN)
proprioceptive ataxia (GP below trigone)
postural response deficits (UMN and GP)
Vertical nystagmus
nystagmus with fast phase towards head tilt
nystagmus that changes directions when you move head
change in mentation
also could see LMN signs of CNN V, VI, VII, IX, X, XII

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21
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

sympathetic neuron cell bodies to eye (T1, T2, T3); cranial cervical ganlgion to middle ear; CN VII, VIII

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22
Q

Moving head to right turns off

A

left

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23
Q

if still and looking to right

A

left turned on

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24
Q

central lesion in cerebellum that affects the vestibular nerve occurs where

A

flocculonodular lobe or more commonly, the caudal peduncle

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25
caudal peduncle carries
inhibitory purkinje fibers from flocculonodular lobe to vestibular nuclei
26
in paradoxical vestibular disease, you have increased vestibular tone on what side
on side of lesion (due to loss of inhibition); appears as though unaffected side has decreased vestibular tone
27
therefore, head tilt, rolling, falling, circling on what side
unaffected side
28
can see hemiparesis on
opposite side
29
out of the 18 UMN, how many descend into the spinal cord
8
30
most UMN synapse on
interneurons
31
UMN fibers are ______ size
medium
32
larger diamter neurons are more prone to
compression
33
what size motor neurons have faster transmission
larger
34
pyramidal system includes
UMN that travel through pyramids
35
lateral corticospinal tract
important in primates for voluntary movement; 100% crossover; not important in domestic animals for movement
36
forebrain disease in domestic species
have fairly normal gait but postural responses will NOT be normal due to pyramidal system
37
forebrain signs include
``` behavior changes seizures visual loss wit intact PLR normal gait but, postural response deficits ```
38
damage and clinical deficits with a brain lesion
opposite side affected
39
damge to cord lesion
same side affected
40
postural responses
the entire nervous system must be working properly for them to work
41
extrapyramidal system cell bodies located in
brainstem (3 midbrain, 1 pons, 3 medulla)
42
extrapyramidal system under control of
frontal cortex and basal nuclei
43
extrapyramidal system important in domestic animals
initiates voluntary movement | initiate and maintain normal posture
44
rubrospinal tract located in
mesencephalon
45
rubrospinal tract starts in
red nucleus (very vascular; red)
46
rubrospinal tract important in domestic animals because
excitatory to LMNs of flexors
47
if damaged, rubrospinal tract
difficult initiating voluntary movement profound gait deficits UMN signs likely postural response deficits
48
tectospinal tract located in
mesencephalon
49
tectospinal tract begins at
tectum
50
function of tectospinal tract
excitatory to LMNS of flexors primarily in neck (rostral and caudal colliculi for sight and sounds avoidance)
51
tectotegmentospinal tract located in
mesencephalon
52
tectotegmentospinal tract originates from
tectum and tegmentum (2 locations for cell bodies)
53
sympathetic control of the eye
umn center for GVE nerve fibers destined to go to the head; pupillary dilation (LMNs T1-T3)
54
pupillary dilation
turn off parasympathetic turn on sympathetic preganglionic parasympathetic in midbrain, post ganlgionic in ciliary ganglion
55
where can damage occur to cause damage to sympahtetic innervation
spinal cord cranial to cell bodies (UMN) C6-T2) VAGOSYPATHETIC TRUNK MIDDLE EAR INFECTION
56
what are the clinical signs of horner's syndrome
``` miosis (constricted pupil) enophthalmis 3rd eyelid protrusion ptosis sweating in horses due to increased blood flow *signs can have degree of severity* ```
57
pontine reticulospinal tract begins in the
pons
58
pontine reticulospinal tract function
excitatory to extensors
59
medullary reticulospinal tract begins in
medulla
60
medullary reticulospinal tract inhibitory to
LMNs of extensors
61
together, medullary reticoluospinal and pontine reticulospinal control
rest of GVE LMNs in cord; primarly urination/defecation
62
medial longitudinal fasciculus is in the
myelencephalon
63
medial longitudinal fasciculus is UMN tract for
CN 3, 4, 6
64
Medial longitudinal fasciculus also runs caudally in
ventral funiculus of cord

Neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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