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NUTR2101 > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

is there more water in the extracellular fluid or the intracellular fluid

A

intracellular fluid

2/3 of the body’s water

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2
Q

Do obese or lean people have more water per % body weight

A

Lean bodies have more water as % of body weight than obese individuals

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3
Q

how does the sodium-potassium pump help keep the water balanced in the body?

A

its moves ions against their concentration gradients by active transport. water moves into the area of greater concentration of Na+

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4
Q

where is there a greater concentration of K and Na+ ions, inside the cell or outside the cell

A

Higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell

Higher concentration of K inside the cell

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5
Q

If 3 Na+ ions are actively transported across the membrane into the cell how many K+ ions move out of the cell?

A

2

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6
Q

Define electrolytes

A

elements that separate into ions in water make the water able to conduct electrical current.

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7
Q

what are 5 functions of water in the body?

A
  1. helps maintain blood volume
  2. solvents for many reactions
  3. precursor for body fluids
  4. temperature regulation
  5. waste product removal
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8
Q

What is the AI for water?

A

15 cups for men

11 cups for women

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9
Q

what is the water AI based off?

A

80% from fluid intake, 20% from food

intake

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10
Q

what happens when there water deficiency? how does the body react?

A

dehydrations

body reacts by

  1. release of anti diuretic hormone
  2. renin-antiogension system
  3. aldosterone pathway
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11
Q

What happens in water toxicity?

A

Concentration of electrolytes is diluted, especially sodium = hyponatremia

Water from diluted blood is pulled into cells by osmosis

Diluted blood and swollen cells can cause headache, blurred vision, muscle cramps

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12
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Low sodium levels in blood

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13
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

the Nephron

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14
Q

what are the different parts of the nephron?

A 
afferent arteriol 
glomerular capilaries
bowmans capsule 
efferent arteriol
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
loop of henle
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15
Q

when and where is renin secreted?

A

secreted by the kidneys when sodium or blood volume is decreases (low blood pressure)

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16
Q

what is the function of renin?

A

converts angioteniogen to angiotensin 1

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17
Q

where is angioteniogen produced?

A

liver

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18
Q

how is angiotensin 1 (inactive) converted to angiotensin 2 (active form)?

A

by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

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19
Q

what is the functionof angiotensin 2?

A

restriction of small blood vessels leading to a increased BP
promotes relsease of aldosterone

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20
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

stimulates Na+ reabsorption increasing the ECF osmorality and thus fulid retention as water follows Na+

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21
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vassiopressin is secreted from where?

A

posterior pituritary gland

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22
Q

When is ADH released?

A

when blood pressure is low

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23
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

increases water permeablility and thus promotes water reabsorption, reducing urine output and increasing the blood pressure

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24
Q

when and where are Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) released?

A

release by atrial myoctyes (heart) in response to raised blood pressure

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25
what is the function of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)?
to reduce sodium and water retention in the body by promoting sodium secretion. Thus reducing the blood volume and decreasing blood pressure.
26
what does alcohol consumption do to water balance in the body?
inhibits the action of ADH and thus causing dehydration
27
what is the difference between major minerals and trace (minor) minerals?
need: >100mg per day = major minerals <100mg per day = trace (minor) minerals
28
Which of the follow are major minerals and minor (trace) minerals? calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, chloride, sodium, sulfur, seleium, chromium, potassium, molybdem, flurine, iodine, copper, manganese, phosphorus
major calcium, phospherus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium Minor iron, manganese, copper, iodine, flurine, molybdem, chromium, seleium, zinc
29
what factors impair the bioavailablity of minerals?
``` excess fibre oxlic acid polyphenols and tannis (phytochemicals) high doses of minerals antacids: because of reduced stomach acidity ```
30
how does excess fibre affect bioavailablity of minerals?
Phytic acid found in fibre (phytate in legumes and whole grains): binds to minerals & leads to excretion. decrease bioavailability Leavened breads with yeast may break the bonds between the phytates and the minerals: ↑ bioavailability of minerals
31
how does oxlic acid decrease bioavailablity of minerals?
oxlic acid in dark green leafy vegetables: binds minerals and makes them less bioavailable
32
how does high dosage affect bioavailablity of minerals?
High dosage in supplements minimise absorption and interfere with with other minerals
33
What factors aid the bioavalibilty of minerals? | how do these factors help?
vitamin C: improves non-haem iron absorption within the same meal Vitamin D: facilitates dietary calcium absorption Stomach acidicity: assists in converting minerals from 3+ to 2+: helps their absorption, as 2+ is the absorption form
34
How do minerals travel in the blood?
travel free in the blood or bound to proteins
35
Define blood pressure?
the force against the arteriol wall
36
what is hypertension?
chronic elevation of blood pressure
37
what are the consequences of hypertension?
Increased pressure on heart Can lead to heart, kidney and eye disease, as the arterial wall thickens, narrowing the lumen, making the blood vessels less elastic Causes damage particularly in organs with small vessels
38
what is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
Systolic blood pressure = as the heart contracts Diastolic blood pressure = as the heart relaxes
39
what are the risk factors associated with primary hypertension?
1. high LDL cholesterol levels 2. Diabetes 3. overweight and obesity 4. high sodium diet (water retension) 5. lifestyle: inactivity, smoking, alcohol 6. idiopathic, genetics, ethencity, ageing
40
What are some treatment options for hypertension?
sodium reduction improve lipid profile (LDL/HDL) DASH: Dietary approach to stop hypertension reduced alcohol consumption and reduce weight (where relevant)
41
Describe the DASH diet
High in potassium, magnesium, calcium, fiber through high vegetable and fruit intake, whole grain, and lean dairy products Low in sodium (2300mg or 1500mg /day) High ratio of potassium to sodium (~4000mg / 1500mg) Low total fat, saturated fat, dietary cholesterol Moderate protein intake: lean poultry, fish, nuts and low fat dairy, low amounts of red meat Avoid added sugar: control of blood sugar level for endothelial health
42
What are the nutritional characteristics of DASH, Targets in numbers?
``` % of calories Total fat 27% Saturated fat 6% protein 18% carbohydrates 55% ``` ``` goals: Cholesterol 150mg sodium 2300mg potassium 4700mg calcium 1250mg magnesium 500mg fibre 30g ```
43
where and how is sodium absorbed?
Small and large intestines: 98% efficient Active transport: sodium-potassium pump
44
How is sodium excreted?
mostly urine and sweat | some lost in faeces
45
what are the functions of sodium?
1. Maintenance of extracellular volume 2. Assists in the absorption of glucose and amino acids in the small intestine 3. Normal muscle and nerve function 4. Membrane potential of cells
46
if you consume 5g of salt how much sodium have you consumed?
5g = 5000mg 5000mg x 0.393 = 1965mg of sodium
47
What disease occurs with sodium deficiency?
Hyponatremia
48
what occurs with sodium toxicity?
Hypernatremia | >2g /day can increase urinary calcium losses
49
How much, where and now is postassium absorbed?
90% absorbed Small & large intestines Passive diffusion or Na-K-ATPase pump active absorption
50
where is potassium stored?
95% inside cells
51
how is potassium excreted?
mainly in urine | some in sweat and faeces
52
What are some functions of potassium?
Major cation in intracellular fluid Responsible for changing the electrical potential during depolarisation/repolarisation of nerve/muscle cells for conduction of impulse Contractility of smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle Excitability of nerve tissue Cofactor of pyruvate kinase
53
What does high potassium intake result in?
reduces serum calcium excretion promotes sodium + H20 excretion, resulting in reduced blood volume, and balanced blood pressure. This is a major mechanism of action of the DASH
54
What is being deficient in potassium lead to?
hypokalemia
55
in what disease may potassium toxicity occur and why?
chronic kidney disease, potassium is not excreted well
56
where does the absorption of chloride occur? what path might it follow?
In small and large intestines | Follows sodium absorption: electrical neutrality
57
What are the functions of chloride?
* Electrical neutrality: balancing sodium positive charge * Main anion for ECF * Fluid/electrolyte balance * Acid/base balance * Nerve impulse transmission * Component of NaCl and HCL
58
Where is calcium absorbed?
Small and large intestines: most efficient in upper duodenum where the pH is slightly acidic; keeps calcium in 2+ form
59
what can increase calcium absorption?
Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3) Lactose and presence of protein in food pregnancy and childhood, as there is an increased need
60
What are factors that may limit calcium absorption?
``` Phytic acid Oxalic acid Polyphenols and tannins Fat mal-absorption (calcium binds with unabsorbed fat in the intestine and gets excreted) Dietary phosphorous ```
61
How is calcium transported to cells?
Transported to cells as free ionised calcium or bound to proteins
62
Where is calcium stored?
Skeleton and teeth = 99% | All cells require calcium for function
63
How is calcium excreted?
sweat urine faeces
64
What two hormones is calcium regulated by?
calcitonin (when to high) and parathyroid hormone (when to low)
65
What are the functions of calcium?
* Bone development and maintenance * Blood clotting * Muscle contraction * Transmission of nerve impulses to target cells
66
How is calcium used in muscle contraction?
Calcium ions released when nerve impulse reaches myocytes Calcium triggers muscle proteins to contract When calcium is transported back into the intracellular storage site: relaxation of muscle fiber
67
What is osteopenia?
Decreased in bone mineral density(BMD)
68
What is Osteoporosis?
Loss of both bone salts and collagen (organic) content
69
What is Osteomalacia/ Rickets?
Loss of mineral (inorganic) content but not the collagen (e.g low vitamin D status, which limits dietary calcium absorption)
70
How much, where and how is phosphorus absorbed?
70% of dietary source absorbed in the upper small intestines through active transport and diffusion
71
what are the function of phosphorus?
- Major component of bone and teeth - Main ICF anion as HPO42- or HPO4- – Buffer of acid – Critical in energy production /storage: part of ATP & creatine phosphate – All phosphorylation reactions, such as required to activate hormones – Part of DNA and RNA, phospholipids in cell membranes, enzymes and cellular signaling pathways
72
What is Hyperphosphataemia?
toxicity of phospherus
73
what is Hypophosphataemia
deficiency of phospherus
74
How much, where and how is magnesium absorbed?
40-60% is absorbed in the small instestine by active and passive transport
75
where is magnesium stored?
50% found in bone: calcium-hydroxyapatite mineral | 33% in muscles and soft tissue
76
Functions of magansium | 12
- Second most abundant ICF cation - Binds to phosphate of ATP to stabilise the molecule - Required as cofactors in >300 enzymes and their reactions - Energy production, CHO and Fat metabolism - Insulin sensitivity - DNA, RNA and protein synthesis - Glutathione synthesis - Sodium /potassium flux in membrane potential - Nerve transmission - Smooth muscle and heart contraction - Calcium metabolism: role in bone structure and mineralisation - Vasorelaxation: promotes healthy endothelium function and prevention of HTN
77
what happens where there is a deficiency in magnesium?
Irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasms due to imbalance in the sodium/potassium pumping Decrease in PTH and calcitriol activity: hypocalcaemia, and eventually osteoporosis Associated with Hypertension and Type 2 diabetes
78
What are the functions of sulfure?
- Is part of vitamins and amino acids - Required in the synthesis of sulfur containing compounds (glutathione peroxidase) - Involved in the stabilisation of protein structure (collagen, nails, hair, skin) - Participates in acid-base balance

NUTR2101 (14 decks)

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