Week 11 Learning Outcomes

Question 1

What are treatment effects?

Answer 1

Treatment effects refer to the impact of an intervention or treatment on a specific outcome.

Question 2

List common measures of treatment effect.

Answer 2

• Mean difference
• Standardised mean difference (SMD)
• Relative risk
• Odds ratio

Question 3

How does study design relate to risk measures of treatment effect?

Answer 3

Study design determines the appropriate risk measure to assess treatment effects.

Question 4

What is the mean difference in research articles?

Answer 4

The mean difference indicates the average difference in outcomes between treatment groups.

Question 5

What does standardised mean difference (SMD) represent?

Answer 5

SMD expresses the effect size by standardizing the difference between treatment groups.

Question 6

Define relative risk.

Answer 6

Relative risk compares the risk of an outcome in the treatment group to the risk in the control group.

Question 7

What is an odds ratio?

Answer 7

An odds ratio compares the odds of an outcome occurring in the treatment group to the odds in the control group.

Question 8

What does CI stand for in research articles?

Answer 8

CI stands for confidence interval.

Question 9

Explain the meaning of the confidence interval (CI) associated with treatment effect.

Answer 9

The CI provides a range of values within which the true treatment effect is likely to fall.

Question 10

Define statistical significance.

Answer 10

Statistical significance indicates whether the results observed in a study are likely due to chance.

Question 11

What are type I and type II errors?

Answer 11

• Type I error: Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
• Type II error: Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Question 12

What is power in the context of statistical testing?

Answer 12

Power is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.

Question 13

What is the purpose of null hypothesis significance testing?

Answer 13

The purpose is to determine if there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

Question 14

Identify values in a research article that indicate statistical significance.

Answer 14

Common indicators include p-values less than 0.05 and confidence intervals that do not include zero.

Question 15

Why are sample size calculations important?

Answer 15

They ensure that a study has enough power to detect a treatment effect if it exists.

Question 16

What variables are used to calculate sample size?

Answer 16

• Effect size
• Desired power
• Significance level (alpha)