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Foundations of Clinical Biochemistry (Weeks 10 - 14 content) > Week 11- Major Plasma Proteins > Flashcards

Week 11- Major Plasma Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

After adding anticoagulant to the blood and centrifuge, the supernatant is called ——-

a) Blood clot
b) Fibrinogen
c) Plasma
d) Serum

A

c) serum

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2
Q

Fibrinogen is NOT found in ——-

a) Blood clot
b) Serum

A

b) Serum

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3
Q

Plasma is serum and fibrinogen.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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4
Q

One of the main functions of —–is to maintain the oncotic pressure between plasma and ECF and to transport highly water insoluble analyte such as —–.

a) Albumin
b) Haptoglobin
c) Transferin
d) Conjugated bilirubin
e) Unconjugated bilirubin

A

a) Albumin

e) Unconjugated bilirubin

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5
Q
  • ———- main function in blood is to coagulate blood.
    a) Albumin
    b) Fibrinogen
    c) Haptoglobin
    d) Transferin
    e) Liver
A

b) Firbrinogen

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6
Q
  • —–pressure, or colloid osmotic pressure, exerted by proteins, notably —-, in a blood vessel’s plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system, whereas —–pressure tends to pull water out, and usually both effect is the same.
    a) Albumin
    b) Creatine
    c) Hydrostatic
    d) Oncotic
    e) Urea
A

d) Oncotic
a) Albumin
c) Hydrostatic

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7
Q

Plasma proteins are mainly synthesized by the —-and excreted by the —-.

a) Heart
b) Kidney
c) Liver
d) Muscles
e) Pancreas

A

c) Liver

b) Kidney

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8
Q

The carrier of iron is transferrin, whereas, the carrier of heme is —— and that of unconjugated bilirubin is —–.

a) Albumin
b) Haptoglobin
c) Transferin
d) Kidney
e) Liver

A

b) Haptoglobin

a) Albumin

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9
Q

The carrier of ——— is thyroid binding globulin (TBG), whereas, the carrier of —— is cortisol binding globulin (CBG) and that of —– is ceruloplasmin.

a) Copper
b) Cortisol
c) T3 & T4
d) Iron
e) Heme

A

c) T3 & T4
b) Cortisol
a) Copper

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10
Q

An increase in total protein with normal albumin and increased globulin is due to ——

a) Burns and trauma
b) Dehydration
c) Inadequate diet
d) Multiple myeloma
e) Malabsorption

A

d) Multiple myeloma

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11
Q

An decrease in total protein with normal globulin and decreased albumin is due to ——

a) Burns and trauma
b) Dehydration
c) Multiple myeloma
d) Nephrotic syndrome
e) Immunodeficiency syndrome

A

d) Nephrotic syndrome

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12
Q

Total plasma protein is mainly composed of ——— and ———–

a) Albumin, globulin
b) Bilirubin, fibrinogen
c) Fibrinogen, albumin
d) Globulin, red blood cells
e) Haptoglobin, albumin

A

a) Albumin and globulin

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13
Q

Dehydration causes the total plasma protein to increase due to

a) Increased albumin and globulin
b) Increased bilirubin and fibrinogen
c) Increased fibrinogen and albumin
d) Increased globulin and red blood cells
e) Increased haptoglobin and albumin

A

a) Increased albumin and globulin

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14
Q

Increase synthesis of plasma proteins is seen in the following scenarios EXCEPT ——–

a) Leukemia
b) Dehydration
c) Multiple myeloma
d) Nephrotic syndrome

A

d) Nephrotic syndrome

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15
Q

In protein electrophoresis, multiple myeloma (carcinogenic), leukemia are seen as an increase in total proteins seen as ——-band at the —–.

a) Alpha globulin
b) Anode
c) Beta globulin
d) Cathode
e) Gamma globulin

A

e) Gamma globulin

d) Cathode

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16
Q

A decrease in plasma proteins could be regarded to all the following EXCEPT ——–

a) Drip arm
b) Malnutrition
c) Nephrotic syndrome
d) Dehydration
e) SIADH

A

d) Dehydration

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17
Q

What is the most abundant protein in plasma?

a) Albumin
b) Bilirubin
c) Fibrinogen
d) Globulin
e) Haptoglobin

A

a) Albumin

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18
Q

A decrease in plasma albumin could be regarded to all the following EXCEPT ——–

a) Drip arm
b) Malnutrition
c) Nephrotic syndrome
d) Dehydration
e) SIADH

A

d) Dehydration

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19
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by excretion of large amounts of protein, usually —–, in urine (>3 g/day), as a result, the patient got —–and hypoalbuminaemia.

a) Albumin
b) Oedema
c) Bilirubin
d) Fibrinogen
e) Globulin

A

a) Albumin

b) Oedema

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20
Q

In nephrotic syndrome, in case of low plasma albumin, the plasma compensate this loss with extra —–synthesis so that it can retain the blood oncotic pressure.

a) Bilirubin
b) Fibrinogen
c) Globulin

A

c) Globulin

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21
Q

In new-born, there is ——- in immunoglobulin due to delayed synthesis. However, in case of —–, it suppresses other immunoglobulin.

a) Albumin
b) An increases
c) Monoclonal myeloma
d) Multiple myeloma
d) A transient decrease

A

d) transient decrease

d) Mutliple myeloma

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22
Q

In case of malignancy, it could be due to multiple myeloma, where there is an overall ———–in immunoglobulins as multiple myeloma supresses other immunoglobulins. Whereas, in case of monoclonal myeloma, there is an overall ————in immunoglobulins.

a) Decrease
b) Increase

A

a) Decrease

b) Increase

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23
Q

Bence Jones Protein is a ——-globulin protein or immunoglobulin ——chain found in the ——.

a) Monoclonal
b) Polyclonal
c) Plasma
d) Urine
e) Heavy
f) Light

A

a) Monoclonal
f) Light
d) Urine

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24
Q

Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia is present in more than —— of multiple myeloma cases.

a) ¼
b) 1/3
c) ½
d) 2/3
e) ¾

A

d) 2/3

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25
Q

Cryoglobulinaemia is the precipitation of blood of a patient with myeloma when cooled below ——–.

a) 45 oC
b) 37 oC
c) 25 oC
d) 4 oC
e) 0 oC

A

b) 37oC

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26
Q

In case of multiple myeloma, due to malignancy, a cytokine is secreted that activates ——to resorb bone and disrupt the balance of bone formation and resorption and result in —–. Lytic —–are often seen in x-ray.

a) Bone lesions
b) Osteoblasts
c) Osteoclasts
d) Hypercalcemia
e) Hypocalcemia

A

c) osteoclasts
d) Hypercalcemia
a) bone lesions

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27
Q

Hypercalcaemia could be the result of multiple myeloma.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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28
Q

Hyperviscosity is more prevalent in multiple myeloma than in Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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29
Q

How can you differentiate between multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia?
Multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia are both having the following features EXCEPT that Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia does not have ———
a) Heavy chain bands
b) Bone lesions
c) High viscosity

A

b) Bone lesions

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30
Q

Which of the following can differentiate between multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia

a) Bence Jones Protein
b) X-ray
c) Viscosity

A

b) X-ray

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31
Q

Part of the inflammatory response:

  • ——acts as inflammatory activators, whereas ——acts as inflammatory inhibitors and —— mops up Hb released by local haemolysis .
    a) C-reactive protein
    b) Alpha antitrypsin
    c) Haptoglobin
A

a) C-reactive protein
b) Alpha antitrypsin
c) Haproglobin

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32
Q

Acute serum proteins —–as a response of inflammation due to injury, stress, infections. They are usually characterized with ——albumin, —–C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory inhibitors and haptoglobin.

a) Increased
b) Decreased

A

a) Increased
b) decreased
a) Increased

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33
Q

In acute phase proteins, c-reactive protein acts as inflammatory —-, whereas alpha antitrypsin acts as inflammatory —–.

a) Activators
b) Inhibitors

A

a) Activators

b) Inhibitors

34
Q

One of the protein that is used to monitor inflammatory conditions with high accuracy and its level rises dramatically in case of myocardial infarction, infection, and trauma is ———

a) α1-antitrypsin
b) Bilirubin
c) C-reactive protein (CRP)
d) Globulin
e) Haptoglobulin

A

c) C-reactive protein

35
Q

A protein that its level rises dramatically in case of myocardial infarction, infection, and trauma and it declines in case of resolution/treatment is ———

a) α1-antitrypsin
b) Bilirubin
c) C-reactive protein (CRP)
d) Globulin
e) Haptoglobulin

A

c) C-reactive Protein

36
Q

Among the acute phase proteins: —– is an inhibitor to proteases; —–binds and clear hemoglobin after hemolysis; ——–carries copper and it is reduced in Wilson’s disease.

a) α1-antitrypsin
b) Bilirubin
c) Caeruloplasmin
d) Haptoglobulin

A

a) a1-antitrypsin
b) haptoglobulin
c) Caeruloplasmin

37
Q

An increased plasma transferrin level is often seen in patients suffering from ——

a) Anaemia
b) Iron overload
c) Protein malnutrition

A

a) Anaemia

38
Q

In gel protein electrophoresis, the band of CRP and paraproteins is found in which region?

a) α1- globulin
b) α2- globulin
c) β1- globulin
d) β2- globulin
e) γ- globulin

A

e) y-globulin

39
Q

In gel protein electrophoresis, the band of fibrinogen is found in which region?

a) α1- globulin
b) α2- globulin
c) β1- globulin
d) β2- globulin
e) γ- globulin

A

e) y-globulin

40
Q

In gel protein electrophoresis, the band of transferrin is found in which region? 2 Answers.

a) α1- globulin
b) α2- globulin
c) β- globulin
d) γ- globulin

A

c) B- globulin

41
Q

In gel protein electrophoresis, the band of haptoglobulin is found in which region?

a) α1- globulin
b) α2- globulin
c) β1- globulin
d) β2- globulin
e) γ- globulin

A

b) a2-globulin

42
Q

band of LDL is found in which region?

a) α1- globulin
b) α2- globulin
c) β- globulin
d) γ- globulin

A

c) B-globulin

43
Q

In gel protein electrophoresis, the band of HDL is found in which region?

a) α1- globulin
b) α2- globulin
c) β1- globulin
d) β2- globulin
e) γ- globulin

A

b) a2-globulin

44
Q

Gamma globulins are —-which are formed as a response of diseases or an attack by certain —–in the body such as multiple myeloma.

a) Antibodies
b) Antigens

A

a) Antibodies

b) Antigens

45
Q

In protein electrophoresis, at the anode, we expect to see —–, as they are highly —-, whereas at the cathode, we expect to see —–as they are highly —-.

a) Albumin
b) Gamma globulin
c) Positive
d) Negative

A

a) Albumin
d) Negative
b) Gamma globulin
c) positive

46
Q

What is the principal of gel electrophoresis? Proteins migrate according to their —–

a) Mass
b) Charge
c) Mass, shape and charge

A

c) Mass, shape and charge

47
Q 
In SDS page, proteins are degenerated, so that all proteins are carrying -----charges. Thus, separation using gel electrophoresis is based on their -----. 
a) Molecular weights
Charges
b) Molecular weights and charges
c) Positive
d) Negative
A

e) negative

a) Molecular weights

48
Q

The cathode is —–charged and cations such as gamma globulin, which are —-charged, migrate to it.

a) Negatively
b) Positively

A

a) Negatively

b) Positively

49
Q

In protein electrophoresis, at the cathode, we expect to see ———.

a) Albumin
b) Gamma globulin
c) Alpha globulin
d) Beta globulin

A

b) Gamma globulin

50
Q

n protein electrophoresis, at the anode, we expect to see all of the following EXCEPT ————-.

a) Albumin
b) Gamma globulin
c) Alpha globulin
d) Beta globulin

A

b) Gamma globulin

51
Q

Wilson’s disease is deposition of —-due to lack of —–.

a) Ceruloplasm
b) Copper
c) Iron
d) Transferin

A

b) Copper

a) Ceruloplasm

52
Q

Haemochomatosis disease is deposition of —– in spleen and liver.

a) Copper
b) Iron

A

b) Iron

53
Q

Diagnostic —–is the probability that a test is positive for a patient who has a particular disease.

a) Sensitivity
b) Specificity

A

a) sensitivity

54
Q

Diagnostic ——is the probability that a test is negative for a patient who does not have a particular disease.

a) Sensitivity
b) Specificity

A

b) Specificity

55
Q

Diagnosis of 100 patients with diseases resulted in 90% true positive. That’s is termed 90% —-

a) Sensitivity
b) Specificity

A

a) Sensitivity

56
Q

Diagnosis of 100 patients with no diseases resulted in 90% true negative. That’s is termed 90% ——

a) Sensitivity
b) Specificity

A

b) specificity

57
Q

The patient with no elevated enzyme and no disease status is termed—

a) False negative
b) False positive
c) True negative
d) True positive

A

c) True negative

58
Q

The patient with elevated enzyme and disease status is termed—-

a) False negative
b) False positive
c) True negative
d) True positive

A

d) True positive

59
Q

The patient with elevated enzyme and no disease status is termed—

a) False negative
b) False positive
c) True negative
d) True positive

A

b) False positive

60
Q

The patient with no elevated enzyme and disease status is termed—

a) False negative
b) False positive
c) True negative
d) True positive

A

a) false negative

61
Q

Sensitivity can be calculated from dividing ———- by ————-

a) True positives
b) True negatives
c) All cases
d) All non cases

A

a) True positives

c) All cases

62
Q

Specificity can be calculated from dividing ———- by ————-

a) True positives
b) True negatives
c) All cases
d) All non cases

A

b) True negatives

d) All non cases

63
Q

The following are the main characteristics in choosing a biomarker for diagnostics ECXEPT its

a) Presence in all organs
b) Cost
c) Release kinetics
d) Relative tissue concentra

A

a) Presence in all organs

64
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI) refers to the process by which myocardial tissue is destroyed in regions of the heart that are deprived of an adequate blood supply because of a reduced coronary blood flow.
Ta) rue
b) False

A

a) True

65
Q

ALP is not a specific marker for liver damage as it is present as well in other organs such as ——

a) Bone
b) Heart
c) Kidney
d) Pancreas
e) Skeletal muscles

A

a) Bone

66
Q

Which of the following markers is most specific for heart disease?

a) ALP
b) cTroponins (cT)
c) LDH
d) CK

A

b) cTroponins

67
Q

Which of the following markers is most specific for liver disease?

a) ALP
b) Troponins
c) GGT

A

c) GGT

68
Q

In case of skeletal muscle damage, all the following markers rise: CK, AST, LDH. However, the most specific is ——-.

a) AST
b) CK
c) LDH

A

b) CK

69
Q

If the value of CK-MB activity is elevated and the ratio of CK–MB to total CK (relative index) is more than 5, it is likely that the ——was damaged.

a) Brain
b) Heart
c) Liver

A

b) Heart

70
Q

If the value of CK-MB activity is elevated and the ratio of CK–MB to total CK (relative index) is less than 5, it is likely that the —–were damaged.

a) Brain
b) Heart
c) Liver
d) Skeletal muscles

A

d) Skeletal muscle

71
Q
  • ——— isoenzyme is sensitive as a late marker for AMI, specific and last for long periods.
    a) CKBB
    b) CKMM
    c) LD1
    d) LDH
    e) ALP
A

c) LD1

72
Q

Isoenzymes are multiple forms of enzymes that have —–amino acid sequence but catalyze —–chemical reaction. These enzymes usually display different kinetic parameters (e.g. different KM values).

a) Different
b) Similar

A

a) Different

b) similar

73
Q

Which iso enzyme of CKs is more specific to the heart?

a) CKBB
b) CKMB
c) CKMM

A

b) CKMB

74
Q
  • ——-are only available in the heart, whereas —— are available in the heart and skeletal muscles.
    a) CKMB
    b) cT
A

b) Cardiac troponins

a) CKMB

75
Q

The marker(s) that can detect the smallest size of myocardial infarcture is/are ————.

a) CK
b) CK-MB
c) LDH
d) Myoglobin
e) cTroponins

A

e) cTroponins

76
Q

The most ideal markers for myocardial infarction are ———–.

a) CK
b) CK-MB
c) LDH
d) Myoglobin
e) cTroponins

A

e) cTroponins

77
Q

Which of the following markers rises in case of cholestasis, hepatocellular damage and alcohol/drugs use?

a) CKMB
b) CKMM
c) GGT
d) LDH
e) ALP

A

c) GGT

78
Q

Which of the following markers rise in case of cholestasis, bone disease and in pregnancy?

a) CKMB
b) CKMM
c) GGT
d) LDH
e) ALP

A

e) ALP

79
Q

Creatine kinase Mb is ——– specific to the heart than creatine kinase.

a) More
b) Less

A

a) More

80
Q

ALT rises higher in case of —— liver damage than in case of ——– liver damage.

a) Acute
b) Chronic

A

a) Acute

b) Chronic

81
Q

In diagnosis of AMI, one of the earliest markers is —–. Whereas, one of the latest markers is —-.

a) Myoglobin
b) LDH

A

a) Myoglobin

b) LDH

Foundations of Clinical Biochemistry (Weeks 10 - 14 content) (5 decks)

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