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Foundations of Clinical Biochemistry (Weeks 10 - 14 content) > Week 12- Thyroid & Steroid hormones > Flashcards

Week 12- Thyroid & Steroid hormones Flashcards

1
Q
  • —-causes increased metabolism, whereas —-causes decreased metabolism.
    a) Hypothyroidism
    b) Hyperthyroidism
A

b) Hyperthyroidism

a) Hypothyroidism

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2
Q

Weight gain and cold intolerance are seen in —-. Whereas, sweating, weight loss and heat intolerance are seen in —–.

a) Hypothyroidism
b) Hyperthyroidism

A

a) Hypothyroidism

b) Hyperthyroidism

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3
Q
  • —reduces the basal metabolic rate (BMR), whereas, —-increases the BMR.
    a) Hypothyroidism
    b) Hyperthyroidism
A

a) Hypothyroidism

b) Hyperthyroidism

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4
Q
  • —could be associated with a deficiency in LPL activity. As a consequences, ——could be elevated.
    a) Hypothyroidism
    b) Hyperthyroidism
    c) LDL and VLDL
    d) HDL
A

a) Hypothyroidism

c) LDL and VLDL

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5
Q

Goiter and cretinism are both happening due to lack of ——-

a) Calcium
b) Copper
c) Iodine
d) Iron
e) Potassium

A

c) Iodine

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6
Q

Which of the following autoantibodies is most commonly associated with Hashimoto’s disease?

a) Anti TSH receptor antibodies
b) Anti TPO antibodies
c) Anti TBG antibodies
d) Anti thyroglobuin antibodies

A

b) Anti TPO antibodies

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7
Q
  • —-are formed during the organification of thyroglobulin, whereas ——-are formed during the coupling of iodotyrosine.
    a) T1 & T2
    b) T3 & T4
    c) T1 & T3
    d) T2 & T4
    e) T1 & T4
A

a) T1 and T2

b) T3 and T4

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8
Q

Which of the following thyroid hormones has the highest biological activity?

a) T4
b) T3
c) rT3

A

b) T3

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9
Q

Which of the following thyroid hormones is more abundant?

a) T4
b) T3
c) rT3

A

a) T4

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10
Q

Thyroxine is —-, which is converted to the more active form, —-, when the target tissues need it.

a) T4
b) T3
c) rT3

A

a) T4

b) T3

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11
Q

In thyroid hormones synthesis, T3 and T4 were synthesized inside thyroglobulin in the ——-and were released via lysosomes in the ——–.

a) Colloid region
b) Follicular cells
c) Plasma

A

a) Colloid region

b) Follicular cells

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12
Q

Sodium-iodide symporter transports one Na+ ions and two I– ion into the cell.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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13
Q

Sodium-iodide symporter transfers two sodium and one iodide from the plasma to the follicle cells. Iodide binds to thyroglobulin to form —–. T3 is formed from coupling of —-, whereas T4 is formed from coupling of —–.

a) T1
b) T2
c) T1 to T2
d) T2 to T2
e) T1 and T2

A

e) T1 and T2
c) T1 to T2
d) T2 to T2

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14
Q

Oxidation of iodide ions, I-, to nascent iodine, I0, or I3- is promoted by —–

a) Hydroxylase
b) Ligase
c) Lipase
d) Peroxidase
e) Tyrosinase

A

d) Peroxidase

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15
Q

Organification of thyroglobulin is the binding of oxidized —-to thyroglobulin to form T1 and T2.

a) Amine
b) Bromine
c) Chlorine
d) Iodine

A

d) Iodine

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16
Q
  • ——is the enzyme responsible for iodination of tyrosine to monoiodotyrosine (T1) and then to diiodotyrosine (T2).
    a) Hydrolase
    b) Ligase
    c) Peroxidase
    d) Thyroid peroxidase (TPO)
    e) Tyrosinase
A

d) Thyroid Peroxidse (TPO)

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17
Q

In thyroid hormones synthesis, if T1 binds to T2 it forms —-, whereas if T2 binds to T1, it forms —–.

a) T1
b) T2
c) T3
d) rT3
e) T4

A

c) T3

d) rT3

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18
Q

Does excess iodine intake is dangerous to your body? —, as it will ——.

a) Be excreted in urine
b) Cause hyperthyroidism
c) No
d) Yes

A

c) No

a) be excreted in urine

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19
Q

Which of the following thyroid hormones has the highest biological activity?

a) T1
b) T3
c) T4
d) rT3
e) TSH receptor antibodies

A

b) T3

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20
Q

Regulation of thyroid hormones is based on

a) Free T4 and free T3
b) Bound T4 and bound T3
c) Bound T4 and free T3
d) Bound T3 and free T4
e) Total T4 and T3

A

a) Free T4 and free T3

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21
Q

T4 is converted to the active form T3 in the —–. Then T3 diffuses to the —–and binds to thyroid hormone receptor (THR), which binds to the thyroid response element (TRE) and initiate transcription and translation.

a) Colloid
b) Cytosol
c) Nucleus
d) Plasma

A

b) cytosol

c) nucelus

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22
Q

The thyroid hormone T3 diffuses to the nucleus and binds to the —–, which binds to the ——and initiate transcription and translation.

a) Thyroid hormone receptor (THR)
b) Thyroid response element (TRE)
c) Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)

A

a) Thyroid hormone receptor

b) Thyroid response element

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23
Q

Thyroxine is converted to T3 by the aid of the enzyme:

a) Tyrosine peroxidase (TPO)
b) De-iodinase
c) Trypsin
d) Lipase

A

b) De-iodinase

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24
Q

About 93 per cent of the thyroid hormones released from the thyroid gland is normally ——-, only 7 per cent is ————.

a) T1
b) T2
c) T1 and T2
d) T3
e) T4

A

e) T4

d) T3

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25
Q

The active form of iodothyronine is–

a) T1
b) T2
c) T1 and T2
d) T3
e) T4

A

d) T3

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26
Q

In the blood circulation, T3 and T4 bind to all the following EXCEPT

a) Albumin
b) Plasma proteins
c) Thyroxin-binding Globulin (TBG)
d) Thyroxin-binding prealbumin
e) Mono- and di-iodothyronine

A

e) Mono and do-iodothyronine

27
Q

TSH is produced in the —–and it is downregulated by —-.

a) Hypothalamus
b) Anterior pituitary gland
c) T3
d) T4
e) T3 and T4

A

b) Anterior Pituitary gland

e) T3 and T4

28
Q

When there is a deficiency of T3 and T4, the hypothalamus stimulates the production of —–, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce —–, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4. Excess T3 and T4 are —– for TRH and TSH.

a) TRH
b) TSH
c) Negative feedback/inhibitors
d) Positive feedback/stimulators

A

a) TRH
b) TSH
c) Negative feedback/inhibitors

29
Q

TRH is produced by the —–and it is downregulated by —–.

a) Anterior pituitary gland
b) Hypothalamus
c) T1 and T2
d) T2 and T3
e) T3 and T4

A

b) Hypothalamus

e) T3 and T4

30
Q

With respect to thyroid gland: A disease in the thyroid gland is termed, —-disease, whereas, a disease in the hypothalamus/pituitary gland that affects the thyroid gland is termed, — disease.

a) Primary
b) Secondary

A

a) Primary

b) Secondary

31
Q

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is which of the following?

a) Hashimoto’s
b) Toxic adenoma of c)the thyroid
d) Grave’s
e) Iodine excess

A

d) Graves

32
Q

Which of the following autoantibodies is most commonly associated with Grave’s disease?

a) Anti TSH receptor antibodies
b) Anti TPO antibodies
c) Anti TBG antibodies
d) Anti thyroglobuin antibodies

A

a) Anti TSH receptor

33
Q

In —-, anti TSH receptor antibodies (TSI) binds and stimulates the TSH receptor (on the thyroid gland). Accordingly, T3 and T4 are elevated, whereas TSH declines via negative feedback/ inhibition.

a) Hashimoto’s disease
b) Toxic adenoma of the thyroid
c) Grave’s disease
d) Iodine excess

A

c) Graves disease

34
Q

The most common cause of hypothyroidism is which of the following?

a) Hashimoto’s
b) Toxic adenoma of the thyroid
c) Grave’s
d) Iodine excess

A

a) Hashimotos

35
Q

Which of the following plasma values best represents the biochemical picture for a patient with Hashimoto’s disease?

a) Decreased TSH + elevated T4
b) Decreased TSH + decreased T4
c) Increased TSH + decreased T4
d) Normal TSH + elevated T4
e) Normal TSH + decreased T4

A

c) Increased TSH + decreased T4

36
Q

Which of the following autoantibodies is most commonly associated with Hashimoto’s disease?

a) Anti TSH receptor antibodies
b) Anti TPO antibodies
c) Anti TBG antibodies
d) Anti thyroglobuin antibodies

A

b) Anti TPO antibodies

37
Q

Among the front line tests for diagnosis in measurement of serum thyroid hormone levels are rT4 & TSH.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

38
Q

What is the general structural characteristics of steroid hormones?

a) 1 Six carbon ring + 3 five carbon rings
b) 2 Six carbon rings + 2 five carbon rings
c) 3 Six carbon rings + 1 five carbon ring
d) 3 Six carbon rings + 3 five carbon rings
e) 5 Six carbon rings + 1 five carbon ring

A

c) 3 Six carbon rings + 1 five carbon ring

39
Q

Which of the following is NOT among the steroid hormones?

a) GlucocorticoidsMineralocorticoids
b) Progestogens (progesterones)
c) Sex Steroids
d) Vitamin D
e) T3 & T4

A

e) T3 & T4

40
Q

The starting compound for the synthesis of all steroid hormones is DHEAS.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

41
Q

What is the starting compound for the synthesis of all steroid hormones?

a) Cortisol
b) Progesterone
c) Estradiol
d) Pregnenolone
e) Testosterone

A

d) Pregnenolone

42
Q

The most abundant circulating steroid hormone in humans is Pregnenolone.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

43
Q

What’s the most abundant circulating steroid hormone in humans? It is ——–. Why it is important to human? It functions predominantly as a metabolic intermediate in the —— of the androgen and estrogen sex steroids.

a) Didehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS)
b) Biosynthesis
c) Catabolism
d) Pregnenolone

A

a) Didehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS)

b) Biosynthesis

44
Q

In women, ——— as a sex hormone is more abundant than men, whereas, ——– is more abundant in men than women. On the other hand, ———hormone’s concentration is doubled in men than women.

a) Didehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAs)
b) Progesterone
c) Testestorone

A

b) Progesterone
c) Testoserone
a) Didehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAs)

45
Q

What dictates whether a tissue responds to steroid hormones or not?
Some tissues have —-which can metabolize hormones, whereas others need —– for hormonal response.
a) Enzymes
b) Proteins
c) Steroid receptors

A

a) Enzymes

c) Steroid receptors

46
Q

What dictates whether a tissue responds to steroid hormones or not?

  • —-and enzyme profile, for example, —— is required for aldosterone synthesis and they are only found in —— (outer zone) of adrenal cortex.
    a) Aldosterone
    b) Hormone receptors
    c) Progesterone
    d) 18-hydroxylase
    e) zona glomerulosa cells
A

b) Hormone receptors
d) 18-hydroxylase
a) aldosterone
e) zona glomerulosa cells

47
Q

What is the mineralocorticoid hormone that stimulates increased reabsorption of Na+ in exchange for excretion of K+ and H+?

a) Aldosterone
b) Androgens
c) Estradiol
d) Progesterone
e) Pregnenolone

A

a) Aldosterone

48
Q

Conn’s disease is characterised by ——aldosterone, whereas Addison’s disease is characterised by ——aldosterone.

a) High
b) Low

A

a) High

b) Low

49
Q

What is the major stress hormone and it is in the group of glucocorticoid?

a) Androgens
b) Cortisol
c) Estradiol
d) Progesterone
e) Pregnenolone

A

b) Cortisol

50
Q

People tend to ——-weight when they are stressed and that due to increase of the hormone ———?

a) Gain
b) Loose
c) Androgens
d) Cortisol
e) Estradiol

A

a) Gain

d) Cortisol

51
Q

According to Circadian release of ——, it is recommended to do work in the early morning.

a) Androgens
b) Cortisol
c) Estradiol
d) Progesterone
e) Pregnenolone

A

b) Cortisol

52
Q

Cortisol level is —–in the early morning and tends to be —— at the time of sleep onset. Loss of cortisol circadian rhythm is associated with adrenal insufficiency and death.

a) High
b) Low

A

a) High

b) Low

53
Q

The adrenocortropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone(CRH).

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

54
Q

In case of injury, fear, or anxiety, the corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
is firstly synthesized in the hypothalamus.
a) True
b) False

A

a) True

55
Q

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when cortisol concentration is high and it affects —–.

a) Adrenal cortex
b) Adrenal cortex and Anterior pituitary gland
c) Adrenal cortex and the hypothalamus
d) Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary gland
e) Hypothalamus

A

d) Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

56
Q

The hormone —– is not stimulated by the pituitary hormones (trophic hormones).

a) Aldosterone
b) Cortisol
c) Oestrogens
d) Testosterone
e) Progesterone

A

a) Aldosterone

57
Q

The hormones that stimulate secretion of other hormones are called: —– hormones.

a) Androgens
b) Cortisol
c) Estradiol
d) Progesterone
e) Trophic

A

e) trophic

58
Q

As examples of —-hormones, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates —-, whereas ——stimulates testestorone/oestrogens, and —– stimulates oestrogens.

a) Androgens
b) Cortisol
c) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
d) lutheinising hormone (LH)
e) Trophic

A

b) cortisol
d) Luteinising hormone
c) follicle stimulating hormone

59
Q

Steroid hormones are water ——–. Thus need a protein carrier to transport them in the plasma to the different cell membranes.

a) soluble
b) Insoluble

A

b) Insoluble

60
Q

Increase or decrease of gene transcription or mRNA synthesis is regulated by steroid hormones.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

61
Q

Cortisol and aldosterone bind to their receptors —-the nucleus, whereas oestradiol and progesterone hormones bind to the receptors —–the nucleus.

a) Inside
b) Outside

A

b) outside

a) inside

62
Q 
Steroid-receptor
complexes aggregate into -----and are said to be -----.
a) Homodimers
b) Homotrimers
c) Activated
d) Deactivated
A

a) Homodimers

c) Activated

63
Q

The unoccupied hormone receptors are bound to heat shock protein to —-the binding of receptors to DNA and to —–the receptor is in the right conformation.

a) Make sure
b) Prevent

A

b) Prevent

a) Make sure

64
Q

The receptor homodimers hormone bind to the —-, which in turn bind to both the TATA binding protein and the ——to synthesise a new protein.

a) Activators
b) Co-activators
c) DNA polymerase
d) Kidney
e) RNA polymerase

A

b) co-activators

e) RNA polymerase

Foundations of Clinical Biochemistry (Weeks 10 - 14 content) (5 decks)

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