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HAP 2 > week 12 > Flashcards

week 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an acid?

A

any substance which can DONATE a H+ ion

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2
Q

what is a base?

A

any substance which can ACCEPT a H+ ion

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3
Q

how is acidity or alkalinity measured?

A

Acidity or Alkalinity of a solution is measured by
its pH
– pH is inversely proportional to the concentration of H+ ions

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4
Q

the more acidic a solution is …..

A
  • The more acidic a solution is, the greater the
    concentration of H+ ions - the lower its pH
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5
Q
  • The more alkaline a solution is…..
A
  • The more alkaline a solution is, the lower the
    concentration of H+ ions - the higher the pH
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6
Q

what does pH affect?

A

pH affects all functional proteins and biochemical
reactions in the body, so pH is closely regulated

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7
Q

what is the Normal pH of body fluids:

A

– Arterial blood: pH 7.4
– Venous blood and interstitial fluid: pH 7.35
– Intracellular fluid: pH 7.0

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8
Q

what is Acidosis or acidemia?

A

Acidosis or acidemia: arterial pH <7.35
– the level of acidic compounds in the body rises or when the
level of alkaline compounds in the body falls

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9
Q

what is Alkalosis or alkalemia?

A

Alkalosis or alkalemia: arterial pH >7.45
– the level of alkaline compounds in the body rises or when the
level of acidic compounds in the body falls

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10
Q

what is most H+ produced by?

A

Most H+ is produced by metabolism.
Phosphorus-containing protein breakdown
releases phosphoric acid into extracellular fluid
– Lactic acid from anaerobic respiration of glucose
– Fatty acids and ketone bodies from fat metabolism
– H+ liberated when CO2 converted to HCO3
– in blood

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11
Q

what diets = more acid in blood.

A

Western diets are
generally high in
proteins
– Tends to acidify blood
by releasing more acids
during metabolism

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12
Q

what is Concentration of hydrogen ions regulated
sequentially by:

A

Chemical buffer systems and Physiological Buffering Systems

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13
Q

what is Chemical buffer systems and its effect?

A

Chemical buffer systems: rapid; first line of
defence
* minimises change in pH but does not remove acids or
bases from the body

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14
Q

what is physiological buffering systems and its effects?

A

Physiological Buffering Systems
* Respiratory mechanisms: act within 1–3 min
– removes carbon dioxide (which is acidic)
* Renal mechanisms: most potent, but require hours to
days to effect pH changes
– removes hydrogen (acid) and bicarbonate (base)

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15
Q

what happens to strong acids in water?

A

Strong acids dissociate
completely in water; can dramatically affect pH.

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16
Q

what happens to weak acids in water?

A

Weak acids dissociate
partially in water; are
efficient at preventing pH
changes

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17
Q

what happens to strong and weak bases in water?

A

Strong bases dissociate
easily in water; quickly tie
up H+. Weak bases accept H+
more slowly

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18
Q

Buffering a Solution diagram

A
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19
Q

what is a Chemical buffer?

A

system
of one or more
compounds that act to
resist pH changes when
strong acid or base is
added
– Bind H+ if pH drops;
release H+ if pH rises

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20
Q

what are some Chemical Buffer Systems?

A
  1. Bicarbonate buffer
    system
  2. Phosphate buffer system
  3. Protein buffer system
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21
Q

what does Bicarbonate Buffer System involve?

A
  • Involves carbonic acid/H2CO3 (weak acid) and
    bicarbonate/HCO3 (a weak base)
  • The major extracellular buffer system
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22
Q

what happens to bicarbonate buffer system if a strong acid is added?

A
  • If strong acid added:
    – HCO3
    – (bicarbonate) ties up H+ and forms H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
    – pH decreases only slightly
    – HCO3
    – concentration closely regulated by kidneys
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23
Q

what happens to bicarbonate buffer system If strong base added?

Study These Flashcards
A

– It causes H2CO3 (carbonic acid) to dissociate and
donate H+ to form HCO3
– (bicarbonate)
– pH rises only slightly

24
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System equation

25
Bicarbonate Buffer System flowchart
26
what is the Phosphate Buffer System?
Action nearly identical to bicarbonate buffer * Involves dihydrogen phosphate/H2PO4 – (weak acid) and monohydrogen phosphate/HPO4 2– (a weak base) * Effective buffer in urinary system and intracellular fluid, where phosphate concentrations are high
27
what happens to Phosphate Buffer System if strong acid is added?
* If strong acid added: * HPO4 2– (monohydrogen phosphate) ties up H+ and forms H2PO4 – (dihydrogen phosphate) * pH decreases only slightly
28
what happens to Phosphate Buffer System if strong base is added?
* If strong base added: * It causes H2PO4 – (dihydrogen phosphate) to dissociate and donate H+ to form HPO4 2– (monohydrogen phosphate) * pH rises only slightly
29
Phosphate Buffer System equation
30
what does the Protein Buffer System include?
Intracellular proteins are most plentiful and powerful buffers; plasma proteins also important * Protein molecules are amphoteric (can function as both weak acid and weak base) – When pH rises (more alkaline), organic acid or carboxyl (COOH) groups release H+ – When pH falls (more acidic), NH2 groups bind H+ to make NH3 (Ammonia) – Haemoglobin functions as intracellular buffer
31
What is physiological buffering systems?
* Chemical buffers cannot eliminate excess acids and bases from the body * Respiratory and renal systems can eliminate excess acids or bases from body – Regulate amount of acid or base in body – Act more slowly than chemical buffer systems – Have more capacity than chemical buffer systems
32
What are some examples of Physiological Buffering Systems?
– Respiratory System * Lungs eliminate volatile carbonic acid by eliminating CO2 – Renal System * Kidneys eliminate nonvolatile acids produced by cellular metabolism (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids and ketones) to prevent metabolic acidosis * Kidneys also regulate blood levels of alkaline substances; renew chemical buffers
32
Respiratory Regulation of H+: what happens during co2 unloading and loading
* During CO2 unloading (in the lungs), reaction shifts to left (and H+ incorporated into H2O) * During CO2 loading (in the tissues), reaction shifts to right (and H+ buffered by proteins)
33
what is Respiratory Regulation of H+?
Respiratory system eliminates CO2 (“acidic”) * A reversible equilibrium exists in blood
34
Respiratory system impairment causes ...
- acid-base imbalances – Hypoventilation --> respiratory acidosis – Hyperventilation --> respiratory alkalosis
35
what 2 types does Respiratory Regulation of H+ involve?
Hypercapnia (CO2 retention) and Hypocapnia (low CO2)
36
what does Hypercapnia (CO2 retention) involve?
– Rising plasma CO2 (which leads to rises in H+ - acidosis) activates peripheral chemoreceptors --> Increased respiratory rate and depth --> More CO2 is removed from the blood --> H+ concentration is reduced
37
what does Hypocapnia (low CO2) involve?
Decreasing plasma CO2 (which leads to decreases in H+ - alkalosis) activates peripheral chemoreceptors --> decreased respiratory rate and depth --> More CO2 is retained in the blood --> H+ concentration increases
38
what are the Most important renal mechanisms of acid-base balance?
* Most important renal mechanisms: – Conserving (reabsorbing) or generating new HCO3- – Excreting HCO3-
39
what happens When the body is in alkalosis:
When the body is in alkalosis: – Kidneys secrete HCO3- – Reclaim H+ to acidify blood
40
what happens when the body is in acidosis:
– Kidneys secrete H+ – Reclaim HCO3- to increase the alkalinity of the blood
41
how does Rate of H+ secretion change with extracellular fluid CO2 levels?
– ^ CO2 in peritubular capillary blood --> ^ rate of H+ secretion – System responds to both rising and falling H+ concentrations
42
what are the Abnormalities of Acid-Base Balance?
* Effects of Acidosis and Alkalosis.
43
what are the Effects of Acidosis and Alkalosis?
– Blood pH below 6.8 --> depression of CNS --> coma --> death – Blood pH above 7.8 --> excitation of nervous system --> muscle tetany, extreme nervousness, convulsions, death often from respiratory arrest
44
what is Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis caused bu and what is it?
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis * Caused by failure of respiratory system to perform pHbalancing role * Single most important indicator is blood PCO2
45
what is Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis?
* All abnormalities other than those caused by PCO2 levels in blood; indicated by abnormal HCO3- levels
46
what is the most important indicator of adequacy of respiratory function?
Most important indicator of adequacy of respiratory function is PCO2 level (normally 35–45 mm Hg)
47
what does PCO2 above 45 mm Hg mean?
PCO2 above 45 mm Hg --> respiratory acidosis * Common cause of acid-base imbalances * Due to decrease in ventilation or gas exchange * CO2 accumulates in blood * Characterised by falling blood pH and rising PCO2
48
what does PCO2 below 35 mm Hg mean?
– PCO2 below 35 mm Hg-->respiratory alkalosis * Common result of hyperventilation often due to stress or pain – CO2 eliminated faster than produced
49
what is Metabolic acidosis and what does it cause?
* Metabolic acidosis – low blood pH and HCO3 – Causes: * Ingestion of too much alcohol (--> acetic acid) * Excessive loss of HCO3- (e.g., persistent diarrhea) * Accumulation of lactic acid (exercise or shock), ketosis in diabetic crisis, starvation, and kidney failure
50
what is Metabolic alkalosis and what does it cause?
Metabolic alkalosis (much less common than metabolic acidosis) – Indicated by rising blood pH and HCO3- – Causes include vomiting of acid contents of stomach or by intake of excess base (e.g., antacids)
51
what happens when there is a acid-base imbalance due to malfunction of physiological buffer system?
If acid-base imbalance due to malfunction of physiological buffer system, other one tries to compensate – Respiratory system attempts to correct metabolic acid-base imbalances – Kidneys attempt to correct respiratory acid-base imbalances * Respiratory system cannot compensate for respiratory acid-base imbalances * Renal system cannot compensate for acid-base imbalances caused by renal problems
52
what does changes in respiratory rate and depth mean In renal metabolic acidosis?
– In metabolic acidosis: * High H+ levels stimulate respiratory centres * Rate and depth of breathing elevated * Blood pH is below 7.35 and HCO3 – level is low * As CO2 eliminated by respiratory system, PCO2 falls below normal
53
what does changes in respiratory rate and depth mean In renal metabolic alkalosis?
– In metabolic alkalosis: * Slow, shallow breathing * Allows CO2 accumulation in blood * Blood pH is over 7.45 and HCO3 – level is high * As CO2 is retained, PCO2 rises to normal levels
54
what is the Renal Compensation for Respiratory Acid-Base Imbalance.
* Hypoventilation causes elevated PCO2 and low pH – Respiratory acidosis – Renal compensation: increases HCO3 – levels by retaining HCO3 – and secreting H+ * Hyperventilation causes low PCO2 and high pH – Respiratory alkalosis – Renal compensation: decreases HCO3 – levels by increasing the secretion of HCO3 – and retaining H+
55

HAP 2 (11 decks)

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