week 12 cardiovascular Pharmocology Flashcards
what are the complications of hypertension
stoke
blood vessel damage
heart attack
kidney failure
what are the 2 main antihypertensive treatments
calcium channel blockers
beta blockers
what happens if we inhibit movement into vascular and cardiac muscles
- interferes with inward movement of calcium ‘affects - depolarization and contraction processes
- relaxant effects mainly on arteriole smooth muscle
which results in … - peripheral and coronary vasodilation
- decrease heart rate and contractility
how does the beta drug act?
acts predominately on the heart tissue, if they are selective for antagonist for beta 1 adrenergic receptors which results in............ reduced heart rate reduced ventricular contractility
what is coronary bypass grafting
- taking an arteries or veins from other parts of the body to by pass the clots
what is congestive heart failure
- the inability of the heart to supply adequate nutrients to the metabolising tissue of the body
- the heart can simply can’t pump effectively or efficiently
- lethal disease 5 year survival rate for 25% of patients after first hospitalisation
what happens if the cardiac failure is present in the left side
-blood accumulates in pulmonary circulation, leading to pulmonary congestion and fluid in lungs
what happens if the cardiac failure is present in the right side
- blood accumulates in the venous system causes organ congestion and peripheral oedema
what happens in heart failure
- cardiac output is decreased in heart failure
- one strat to increase function is to increase adrenaline
- long term would lead to activation of adrenal medulla leading to activation of the renin-angiotensin system which is not good as RAS leads to salt and water retention which = congestion and oedema
how do positive inotropic agents: digoxin drug work to increase cardiac output for someone with heart failure
- digoxin binds to Na-K atpa pump which interferers with the export of the NA
- which then effects the NA-Ca2 as the gradients struggling to change and Na leaves slower whcih means more calcium can be released therefore increases myocardial contraction (efficiency) = increase cardiac output
how do Ace inhibitors work
angiotensin production causes vasoconstriction
ACE inhibitors are antagonist which bind to receptors blocking angiotensin to to attach to to recepor which stops vasoconstriction leading to increase cardiac out put
what do diuretics do how are they used
they cause the removal of salts which helps the liver function by allow it to be able to remove some of the oedema
-this overall improves heart function as there is reduced swelling of the organs
usually combined with other heart failure treatments
what are the classes of the new York association
New York Heart Association (NYHA)
Class I: Cardiac disease, but no symptoms and no limitation in ordinary physical activity,
e.g. shortness of breath when walking, climbing stairs etc.
Class II: Mild symptoms (mild shortness of breath and/or angina) and slight limitation
during ordinary activity.
Class III: Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary
activity, e.g. walking short distances (20–100 m). Comfortable only at rest.
Class IV: Severe limitations. Experiences symptoms even while at rest. Mostly bedbound
patients.
Hypertension may be treated with beta (b)-agonists to
maximize heart function and cardiac output. true or false
false as beta agonist increase heart function increasing hypertension
what is the difference between the stable and unstable angina
unstable angina” which is chest pain that can occur even when sitting or sleeping – no exertion needed. This is thought to be due to plaques in the coronary blood vessels which occasionally release blood clots.
stable angina is plaque build up and might be when your are doing an activity you experience pain in chest
