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NUR154 final exam weeks 8-14 > week 12- Urinary system > Flashcards

week 12- Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

1) The urinary system does all of the following, except that it
A) secretes excess glucose molecules.
B) regulates blood volume.
C) contributes to stabilizing blood pH.
D) eliminates organic waste products.
E) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes.

A
  • A) secretes excess glucose molecules.
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2
Q 
2) Urine is produced by the
A) liver.
B) urinary bladder.
C) kidney.     
D) ureter.
E) urethra.
A
  • C) kidney.
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3
Q 
3) Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
A) blood vessels.
B) lymphatics.
C) the ureters.     
D) the urethra.
E) the calyces.
A
  • C) the ureters.
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4
Q 
4) Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the
A) kidney.
B) urinary bladder.
C) liver.     
D) ureter.
E) urethra.
A
  • C) liver.
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5
Q

5) All of the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are
A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal.
B) surrounded by a renal capsule.
C) located within the peritoneum.
D) held in place by the renal fascia.
E) surrounded by a thick layer of adipose tissue

A
  • C) located within the peritoneum.
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6
Q 
6) The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
A) calyx.
B) pelvis.
C) ureter.
D) hilus.     
E) pyramid.
A
  • D) hilus.
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7
Q 
7) The outermost layer of kidney tissue is the
A) renal cortex.     
B) renal medulla.
C) major calyx.
D) minor calyx.
E) renal pelvis.
A
  • A) renal cortex.
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8
Q 
8) The innermost layer of kidney tissue is the
A) renal cortex.
B) renal medulla.     
C) major calyx.
D) minor calyx.
E) renal pelvis.
A
  • B) renal medulla.
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9
Q 
9) Conical structures that are located in the renal medulla are called
A) pyramids.     
B) renal columns.
C) renal pelvises.
D) nephrons.
E) calyces.
A
  • A) pyramids.
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10
Q

10) Renal columns are
A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus.
B) expanded ends of the ureters.
C) the basic functional units of the kidney.
D) bundles of tissue that lie between pyramids and extend from the renal cortex toward the renal sinus.
E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

A
  • D) bundles of tissue that lie between pyramids and extend from the renal cortex toward the renal sinus.
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11
Q 
11) The expanded proximal end of the ureter forms the
A) renal sinus.
B) renal pelvis.     
C) renal calyx.
D) renal hilus.
E) renal corpuscle.
A
  • B) renal pelvis.
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12
Q

12) Major calyces are
A) large branches of the renal pelvis.
B) expanded ends of nephrons.
C) basic functional layers of the kidney.
D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

A
  • A) large branches of the renal pelvis.
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13
Q 
13) Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus make up the
A) renal pyramid.
B) loop of Henle.
C) renal corpuscle.     
D) renal papilla.
E) collecting tubule system.
A
  • C) renal corpuscle.
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14
Q 
14) The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the
A) renal corpuscle.
B) filtration membrane.
C) loop of Henle.
D) juxtaglomerular apparatus.     
E) afferent arteriole.
A
  • D) juxtaglomerular apparatus.
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15
Q 
15) The expanded end of a nephron is the
A) glomerulus.
B) renal corpuscle.     
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) distal convoluted tubule.
E) loop of Henle.
A
  • B) renal corpuscle.
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16
Q

16) A glomerulus is
A) the expanded end of a nephron.
B) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle.
C) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle.
D) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

A
  • B) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle.
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17
Q 
17) The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the
A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.     
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.
A
  • B) proximal convoluted tubule.
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18
Q 
18) The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the
A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.     
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.
A
  • C) distal convoluted tubule.
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19
Q 
19) The horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron is the
A) collecting duct.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) loop of Henle.     
E) minor calyx.
A
  • D) loop of Henle.
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20
Q

20) The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
A) filtration.
B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
C) secretion of acids and ammonia.
D) secretion of drugs.
E) adjusting the urine volume.

A
  • B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
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21
Q 
21) The process of filtration occurs at
A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) the distal convoluted tubule.
C) the collecting duct.
D) the loop of Henle.
E) the Bowman’s capsule.
A
  • E) the Bowman’s capsule.
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22
Q 
22) Each of the following is a characteristic of a normal urine sample, except
A) amber color.
B) cloudy.     
C) acidic pH.
D) specific gravity greater than 1.0.
E) ammoniacal odor.
A
  • B) cloudy.
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23
Q 
23) Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except
A) hydrogen ions.
B) urea.
C) large proteins.     
D) salts.
E) creatinine.
A
  • C) large proteins.
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24
Q 
24) The most selective pores in the filtration membrane are located in the
A) capillary endothelium.
B) lamina densa.
C) podocytes.     
D) basement membrane of the capillaries.
E) capsular space.
A
  • C) podocytes.
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25
Q 
25) Substances larger than \_\_\_\_\_ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.
A) sodium ions
B) glucose
C) albumin     
D) amino acids
E) urea
A
  • C) albumin
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26
Q 
26) The process of filtration is driven by
A) active transport.
B) blood osmotic pressure.
C) blood hydrostatic pressure.     
D) renal pumping.
E) solvent drag.
A

.* C) blood hydrostatic pressure.

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27
Q 
27) The ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the functions of
A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) the distal convoluted tubule.
C) the collecting duct.
D) the loop of Henle.     
E) Bowman’s capsule.
A
  • D) the loop of Henle.
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28
Q

28) The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule normally reabsorb all of the following, except
A) approximately 60 percent of the volume of the filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle.
B) approximately 50 percent of the waste products.
C) cations such as sodium, calcium, and magnesium.
D) anions such as bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, and phosphate.
E) virtually all of the glucose and other nutrients under normal conditions.

A
  • B) approximately 50 percent of the waste products.
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29
Q 
29) Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
A) hydrogen and potassium ions.
B) penicillin.
C) creatinine.
D) all of the above     
E) A and C only
A
  • D) all of the above
30
Q

30) When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases,
A) more urine is produced.
B) less urine is produced.
C) less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct.
D) the specific gravity of the urine decreases.
E) more salt is secreted by the nephron.

A
  • B) less urine is produced.
31
Q

31) In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
A) a larger volume of urine.
B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.
D) urine with a lower specific gravity.
E) urine with less urea.

A
  • D) urine with a lower specific gravity.
32
Q 
32) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by \_\_\_\_\_ epithelium.
A) stratified squamous
B) pseudostratified columnar
C) simple cuboidal
D) transitional     
E) simple columnar
A
  • D) transitional
33
Q

33) The detrusor muscle
A) moves urine through the ureters.
B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter.
D) functions as the external urinary sphincter.
E) is located in the renal pelvis.

A
  • B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
34
Q

34) During the micturition reflex,
A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall result in afferent impulses arriving in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.
B) there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder.
C) the internal sphincter must be consciously relaxed.
D) the external sphincter relaxes as the result of a parasympathetic reflex.
E) both C and D

A
  • B) there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder.
35
Q

35) Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following, except
A) a decline in the number of functional nephrons.
B) a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate).
C) increased sensitivity to ADH.
D) problems with the micturition reflex.
E) loss of sphincter muscle tonus.

A
  • C) increased sensitivity to ADH.
36
Q 
36) Each of the following systems of the body is involved in the process of excretion to some degree, except the \_\_\_\_\_ system.
A) urinary
B) integumentary
C) digestive
D) endocrine     
E) respiratory
A
  • D) endocrine
37
Q 
37) The body has \_\_\_\_\_ kidney(s).
A) 1
B) 2     
C) 3
D) 4
E) none of the above
A
  • B) 2
38
Q

38) Functions of the urinary system include
A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
B) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.
C) helping to stabilize blood pH.
D) conservation of valuable nutrients.
E) all of the above

A
  • E) all of the above
39
Q 
39) The left kidney lies \_\_\_\_\_ to the right kidney.
A) inferior
B) superior     
C) posterior
D) transverse
E) both A and C
A
  • B) superior
40
Q

40) The positioning of the kidneys in the peroneal cavity is maintained by
A) the overlying perineum.
B) contact with adjacent visceral organs.
C) supporting connective tissues.
D) none of the above
E) A, B, and C

A
  • E) A, B, and C
41
Q 
41) The condition called \_\_\_\_\_ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement.
A) polycystic kidney disease
B) floating kidney     
C) pyelonephritis
D) kidney stones
E) both B and C
A
  • B) floating kidney
42
Q 
42) In normal, healthy individuals, \_\_\_\_\_ ml of blood flows through the kidneys each minute.
A) 500
B) 800
C) 1200     
D) 1800
E) 2500
A
  • C) 1200
43
Q

43) Proximal convoluted tubule is to _____ as distal convoluted tubule is to
A) reabsorption of water, ions, and organic nutrients; secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins.
B) variable reabsorption of water, sodium, and calcium; reabsorption of water, ions, and organic nutrients.
C) secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins; variable reabsorption of water, sodium, and calcium ions.
D) production of filtrate; reabsorption of water, ions, and organic nutrients.
E) none of the above

A

*A) reabsorption of water, ions, and organic nutrients; secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins.

44
Q 
44) The \_\_\_\_\_ is responsible for the delivery of urine to the minor calyx.
A) loop of Henle
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) papillary duct     
D) renal corpuscle
E) ureter
A

*C) papillary duct

45
Q 
45) The filtration of plasma is primarily the function of the
A) loop of Henle.
B) distal convoluted tubule.
C) papillary duct.
D) renal corpuscle.     
E) ureter.
A

*D) renal corpuscle.

46
Q 
46) The loop of Henle is made up of \_\_\_\_\_ cells.
A) squamous
B) low cuboidal
C) columnar
D) both A and B     
E) both B and C
A

*D) both A and B

47
Q 
47) The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of
A) blood volume.
B) blood pH.
C) blood pressure.
D) blood ion levels.
E) all of the above
A

*E) all of the above

48
Q 
48) \_\_\_\_\_ is an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys.
A) Glomerulonephritis.     
B) Floating kidney
C) Polycystic kidney fisease
D) Pyelonephrosis
E) Kidney stones
A

*A) Glomerulonephritis.

49
Q 
49) In the kidney tubules, all of the following are reabsorbed except
A) sodium.
B) chloride.
C) calcium.
D) 180  
E) potassium.
A

*D) 180

50
Q 
50) Roughly \_\_\_\_\_ liters of fluid are produced by the glomeruli each day.
A) 40
B) 80
C) 130
D) 180     
E) 210
A
  • D) 180
51
Q 
51) Drugs that promote fluid loss in urine are known as
A) diuretics.     
B) beta blockers.
C) alpha-1 antagonists.
D) calcium channel blockers.
E) SSRIs.
A
  • A) diuretics.
52
Q 
52) An inability of the kidneys to secrete wastes in sufficient amounts to maintain homeostasis will lead to
A) glomerulonephritis.
B) polycystic kidney disease.
C) calculi.
D) renal failure.     
E) hematuria.
A

D) renal failure.

53
Q 
53) The layer of collagen fibers covering the outer surface of the entire kidney is the
A) adipose capsule.
B) renal cortex.
C) renal capsule.     
D) renal fascia.
E) adrenal fascia.
A

C) renal capsule.

54
Q 
54) The glomerulus is located within the
A) renal corpuscle.     
B) renal tubule.
C) renal pelvis.
D) renal column.
E) renal capsule.
A

A) renal corpuscle.

55
Q 
55) The majority of nephrons are located in the \_\_\_\_\_ of the kidney.
A) vasa recta
B) medulla
C) cortex     
D) pelvis
E) calyces
A

C) cortex

56
Q 
56) An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the
A) renal artery.
B) efferent arteriole.     
C) afferent arteriole.
D) intralobular artery.
E) none of the above
A

B) efferent arteriole.

57
Q 
57) Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?
A) –6 mm Hg
B) 24 mm Hg     
C) 54 mm Hg
D) 84 mm Hg
E) 114 mm Hg
A

B) 24 mm Hg

58
Q

58) In the loop of Henle
A) water osmoses into the descending limb.
B) sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb.
C) the ascending limb is very permeable to water.
D) the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic.
E) filtrate is produced

A

B) sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb.

59
Q

59) The antidiuretic hormone
A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
B) is secreted in response to low concentrations of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid.
C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of relatively solute-free urine.
D) helps regulate the concentration of sodium ion in the interstitial space.
E) is sensitive to changes in the blood concentrations of both sodium and potassium.

A

A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

60
Q 
60) The filtration membrane consists of 
A) glomerular endothelial cells
B) the basal lamina
C) the slit membranes between the pedicels of podocytes
D) A and B are correct. 
E) A, B and C are correct.
A

E) A, B and C are correct.

61
Q

61) Urine is temporarily stored in the ________________ __________________.

A
  • Answer: urinary bladder
62
Q

62) Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the ___________.

A

urethra

63
Q

63) The ________ are the individual functional units of the kidneys that actually form urine.

A
  • nephrons
64
Q

64) Most nephrons are ___________ ______________, which are located in the superficial cortex and have small loops of Henle.

A

*Answer: cortical nephrons

65
Q

65) Nephrons located close to the medulla with loops of Henle that extend deep into the renal pyramids are called __________________________ ___________.

A

*Answer: juxtamedullary nephrons

66
Q

66) The _____ _______ is a capillary that surrounds the loop of Henle.

A

vasa recta

67
Q

67) The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is the ________________ ___________________ _________________.

A
  • Answer:GFR or glomerular filtration rate
68
Q

68) The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the _______________________.

A

*Answer: trigone

69
Q

69) __________________ _________________ ____________ is the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

A
  • Answer: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
70
Q

70) The ______________ ________________ consists of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.

A
  • Answer: Renal corpuscle

NUR154 final exam weeks 8-14 (6 decks)

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