Week 13

Question 1

What is ICF:

Answer 1

Intracellular fluid is the fluid inside the cells

Question 2

What is ECF:

Answer 2

Extracellular fluid is any fluid outside the cells and could be:
Intravascular: inside the vascular compartment
Extravascular: outside the vascular component i.e.
Interstitial: in between tissue cells
3rd spaces: in cavities for example, peritoneal cavity (ascites) or thoracic cavity (cardiac tamponade

Question 3

What % does ICF make up of the body’s fluid

Answer 3

Intracellular fluid (ICF) – makes up approximately 2/3 of the body’s fluid and 40% of total body weight.

Question 4

What % does ECF make up of the body’s fluid

Answer 4

extracellular fluid (ECF) – makes up approximately 1/3 of the body’s fluid and 20% (15% interstitial/ 5% plasma) of total body weight.

Question 5

What is Osmosis:

Answer 5

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low high concentration of particle/solutes to an area of high concentration

Question 6

What is Osmolality/Osmolality:

Answer 6

refers to the concentration of solutes or particles in fluid.

Question 7

How is fluid balanced maintained through Hypothalamic Regulation

Answer 7

receptors in the hypothalamus detect change in osmolality (milliosmoles per kg)

Question 8

How is fluid balanced maintained through Renal Regulation:

Answer 8

kidneys regulate water balance through adjustments in urine volume & excretion of most electrolytes

Question 9

What does the Antidiuretic Hormone do?

Answer 9

Decrease urine production
Decrease sweat
Increase blood pressure

Question 10

If fluid is in a deficit what does the Antidiuretic Hormone do?

Answer 10

ADH is released

Question 11

If fluid volume is excess what does the Antidiuretic Hormone do?

Answer 11

ADH is inhibited

Question 12

+ve electrolyte particles =

Answer 12

cations

Question 13

-ve electrolyte particles =

Answer 13

anions

Question 14

Sodium (Na+) role 135-145 MMOL/L

Answer 14

Main cation of ECF
Influences water distribution between ECF and ICF
Important for the transmission of nerve impulses
Important for muscle contractility
Plays a role in the regulation of acid-base balance of the body

Question 15

What is hyponatremia?

Answer 15

less than 135mmol/L of sodium

Question 16

What is hypernatremia

Answer 16

Excess sodium greater than 145mmol/L

Question 17

Potassium role and normal range

Answer 17

3.5-5.5 mmol/L
Major ICF cation (98% of potassium is intracellular).
Plasma potassium levels are the ones measured.
Nerve impulse transmission & important in setting the resting membrane potential-
Maintenance of normal cardiac rhythm
Skeletal and smooth muscle contractions
Aids in acid-base balance.
Cellular metabolism.
Released when cells are destroyed.

Question 18

ECG of hypokalaemia

Answer 18

Flattened T wave
U wave
ST segment depression

Question 19

ECG of hyperkalamia

Answer 19

Tall tented T wave

ST segment depression

Question 20

Magnesium role and range

Answer 20

0.7 - 1.1 mmol/L
Activates intracellular enzymes
Transmission of neural activity
Myocardial functioning

Question 21

Calcium role and range

Answer 21

2.3 - 2.5 mmol/L
Transmission of nerve impulses, cardiac & muscle contractions
Formation of teeth & bone
Blood clotting

Question 22

Phosphate role and range

Answer 22

0.8 - 1.4 mmol/L 
Bone development
Cell function (ATP)
Formation of red blood cells
Metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, & fat
Nerve & muscle function
Maintenance of acid/base balance

Question 23

Normal body pH

Answer 23

pH 7.35 – 7.45

Question 24

What is the range for acidosis

Answer 24

BELOW 7.35

Question 25

What is alkalosis

Answer 25

ABOVE 7.45

Question 26

3 mechanisms that work to maintain acid balance:

Answer 26

The buffer system The respiratory system The renal system

Question 27

Increase in H+ ion concentration leads to

Answer 27

acidity (acidosis)

Question 28

Decrease in H+ ion concentration leads to

Answer 28

alkalinity (alkalosis)

Question 29

What are the three systems that make up the buffer system

Answer 29

Bicarbonate-carbonic acid Phosphate buffer system Protein buffers

Question 30

BICARBONATE range and use

Answer 30

24 - 30 MMOL/L Intra/extracellular anion Needed for buffering system to maintain acid/base balance by managing the release of carbon dioxide as a bi-product of cellular metabolism

Question 31

PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM two ions

Answer 31

Hydrogen phosphate ions – accepts all additional hydrogen ions to reduce the amount in the blood Dihydrogen phosphate ions – release additional hydrogen ions to increase the amount in the blood

Question 32

What are PROTEIN BUFFERS

Answer 32

Are intracellular and extracellular Include basic acidic protein buffer groups Act to deplete hydrogen ions or to donate more hydrogen ions when needed

Question 33

Respiratory Acidosis range and cause

Answer 33

pH <7.35 & PaCO2<45 | Occurs due to a carbonic acid excess, resulting from increased LEVELS OF CARBON DIOXIDE in the circulatory system

Question 34

Respiratory alkalosis range and cause

Answer 34

pH >7.45 & PaCO2 <35mmHg | Occurs due to a carbonic acid deficit as a result of decreased levels of carbon dioxide in the circulatory system.

Question 35

Metabolic acidosis range and cause

Answer 35

pH<7.35 & HCO3- <22mmol/L Occurs due to a base bicarbonate deficit resulting when an acid, other than carbonic acid, accumulates in the body or when bicarbonate is lost from body fluids.

Question 36

Normal PaCo2 levels

Answer 36

35-45 mmHg

Question 37

Metabolic alkalosis range and cause

Answer 37

pH >7.45 & HCO3- >26mmol/L | Occurs due to there is an excess of bicarbonate due to a loss of acid or a gain in bicarbonate.

Question 38

3 components of VIRCHOW's TRIAD

Answer 38

Venous stasis Hyper coagulable state Endothelial injury

Question 39

What is Hypovolaemia:

Answer 39

The term hypovolemia refers collectively to two distinct disorders: (1) volume depletion which describes the loss of sodium from the extracellular space (i.e., intravascular and interstitial fluid) that occurs during gastrointestinal haemorrhage vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis; and (2) dehydration, which refers to the loss of intracellular water (and total body water) that ultimately causes cellular desiccation and elevates the plasma sodium concentration and osmolality

Question 40

What is Hypervolaemia:

Answer 40

Excessive fluid volume occurs when there is retention of both electrolytes and water relative to the levels in the extracellular fluid. This may be caused, for example, by sodium retention that leads to the retention of water. As a result, excess fluid leaks into the interstitial spaces and forms oedema. This normally happens in people with long-term conditions, such as renal impairment and liver disease

Question 41

Capillary hydrostatic pressure:

Answer 41

The pressure exerted by the water/fluid will push fluid out of the capillary to the interstitial space

Question 42

Capillary Oncotic Pressure:

Answer 42

The pressure exerted by the plasma proteins and will draw fluid back into the capillaries. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure: The pressure exerted by the fluid in the interstitial space, will force fluid back into the capillaries

Question 43

Interstitial oncotic pressure:

Answer 43

The pressure exerted by the small amount of proteins in the interstitial space from the capillaries

Question 44

Thus: Hydrostatic pressure:

Answer 44

pushes fluid out and Oncotic Pressure, pulls fluid into the space

Question 45

Crystalloid -

Answer 45

contain small molecules that flow easily across semipermeable membranes from the bloodstream into the cells and body tissue. Categorised as; isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic.