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KIN 411 > Week 13 Content > Flashcards

Week 13 Content Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two distinct pathways to the thalamus

A
  • Direct pathway
  • Indirect pathway
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2
Q

Direct pathway order

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Striatum
  • Globus pallidus internus
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebral cortex
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3
Q

Direct pathway purpose

A

Increases thalamus output to the cerebral cortex
- The accelerator

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4
Q

Indirect pathway order

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Striatum
  • Globus pallidus externus
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Globus pallidus internus
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebral cortex
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5
Q

Indirect pathway purpose

A

Decreases thalamus output to the cerebral cortex
- The brake

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6
Q

Where does dopamine come from

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta

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7
Q

What is the effect that dopamine has on the pathways

A
  • Striatal neurons for direct pathway are excited by dopamine
  • Striatal neurons for indirect pathway are inhibited by dopamine
  • More accelerator
  • Less brake
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8
Q

Inputs to the substantia nigra pars compacta that can increase dopamine

A
  • Frontal cortex
  • Amygdala
  • Peduncle pontine nucleus
  • Serotonin
  • Striatum
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9
Q

Possible basal ganglia functions

A
  • Affects contralateral movements
  • Reinforces/facilitates internally-triggered movement
  • Predictive control over movement
  • Adjusts tone/speed/amplitude of muscles activity
  • Coordinates trunk movements with limb movements
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10
Q

Parkinson’s disease cause

A

Caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta
- >85% of degeneration occurs before the disease manifests
- Unknown cause for degeneration (idiopathic)

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11
Q

Parkinson’s disease impact (who and how)

A
  • Adults primarily 40 to 70 years old
  • Progressive disorder
  • Initially unilateral, may progress to be bilateral
  • Affects the contralateral side
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12
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease (related to pathways)

A

No dopamine being released due to degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta
- Not enough gas and too much brake

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13
Q

Hallmark symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Bradykinesia
  • Resting tremor
  • Rigidity (lead pipe or cogwheel)
  • Postural instability
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14
Q

What is bradykinesia

A

Intended movements are small and slow

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15
Q

What is resting tremor

A

Involuntary shaking only at rest (3-5hz)

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16
Q

What is rigidity

A
  • Stiffness caused by increased muscle tone
  • Rate and force independent
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17
Q

What is postural instability

A

Sense of imbalance resulting in an unsteady gait

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18
Q

Other Parkinson’s disease symptoms

A
  • Stooped posture
  • Shuffling gait
  • Diminished arm swing while walking
  • Freezing of gait in initiation
  • Expressionless face
  • Micrographia
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19
Q

What is another name for expressionless face

A

Masked faces

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20
Q

What is micrographia

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A

When handwriting becomes small and condensed

21
Q

What is the Hoehn and Yahr scale

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A

A scale used to asses the severity of Parkinson’s disease symptoms

22
Q

Hoehn and Yahr scale

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Unilateral symptoms; no postural instability
  2. Bilateral symptoms; no postural instability
  3. Bilateral symptoms with postural instability
  4. Considerably impaired walking or balance
  5. Wheelchair-bound or walking only with assistance
23
Q

Treatments for Parkinson’s Disease

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Drug replacement of dopamine
  • Surgical removal of basal ganglia nuclei
  • Deep brain stimulation
  • Replacing deteriorated cells
24
Q

What do all treatments for Parkinson’s Disease not help

Study These Flashcards
A

Postural instability and subsequent falls

25
Drug replacement of dopamine
- Levodopa used (precursor to dopamine) - Can cross blood brain barrier
26
Drug replacement of dopamine problems
Sensitization after long-term use causes on-off swings - Under = symptoms return - Over = dyskinesias
27
What is dyskinesias
Abnormal movement
28
Surgical removal of basal ganglia nuclei
Removing: - Globus pallidus (pallidotomy) - Thalamus (thalamotomy)
29
Why would a thalamotomy be performed
When tremors are severe
30
Surgical removal of basal ganglia nuclei problems
- Collateral damage - Irreversible
31
Deep brain stimulation
Inserting a fine wire electrode that will be implanted in either the globus pallidus or subthalamic nuclei then using magnetic stimulation to make it work properly - Can be tuned with a pacemaker connected to electrode
32
Replacing deteriorated cells
Deteriorating cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta replaced with new cells that can produce dopamine - Fetal cell transplants - Stem cells Fetal cells do not work --> likely placebo effect
33
Huntington's Disease (what and how)
- Caused by genetics - Onset from 30 to 50 years old - No known cure - Degeneration of striatal cells (caudate and putamen) - Cells for the indirect pathway are mostly affected (no brake and too much gas)
34
What does Huntington's Disease cause deficits in
- Motor channel for movements - Oculomotor channel for eye movements - Prefrontal channel for cognition - Limbic channel for emotional processing
35
Huntington's Disease symptoms
- Huntington's Chorea - Dystonia - Abnormal eye movement - Dementia - Emotional disorders
36
What is Huntington's chorea
Frequent, non-rhythmic, involuntary movements with fluid or jerky quality
37
What is dystonia
Abnormal, sustained positions of limbs, trunk, or face
38
Huntington's Disease treatments
- Anti-dopaminergic medication - Lesions (thalamotomy) - Deep brain stimulation
39
Is Parkinson's hypo or hyper kinetic
Hypokinetic
40
Is Huntington's hypo or hyper kinetic
Hyperkinetic
41
What is athetosis
Writhing, twisting movements of the limbs, face, and trunk
42
What causes athetosis
Typically a stroke
43
What is (hemi) Ballismus
Involuntary movements of the proximal limb muscles with a larger-amplitude, more rotatory or flinging quality - Occurs on one side - More violent/ballistic movements
44
What causes (hemi) Ballismus
Stroke/cutting off blood supply to the subthalamic nucleus
45
Tourette Syndrome (when and how)
- Onset in early childhood - 4:1 male: female - Genetic component - Affects striatal cells/receptors
46
Tourette Syndrome symptoms
- Involuntary motor and vocal tics - Non-purposeful, sudden, repetitive, non-rhythmic movements, and vocalizations - Varies with stress/concentration
47
Types of tics
Simple or complex
48
Types of complex tics
- Coprolalia (the swearing one) - Echolalia ( the repeating one)
49
Tourette Syndrome treatment
- No known cure - Psychotherapy - Dopamine blockers (neuroleptics) - Deep brain stimulation - Coping strategies (music)

KIN 411 (6 decks)

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