Week 13. Gastro-intestinal Tract

Question 1

The parotid glands produce?

Answer 1

A serous, watery,amylase rich saliva

Question 2

The sublingual glands produce

Answer 2

More viscous mucin-rich saliva

Question 3

The submandibular glands produce?

Answer 3

Mixed saliva

Question 4

The protein content of saliva is

Answer 4

2-6 g/l

Question 5

The pH of saliva

Answer 5

Fresh: pH6.6-6.9, later CO2 evaporated, the pH become alkalic, leads to precipitation of CaCO3 on teeth

Question 6

Material of Investigation of saliva amylase

Answer 6

1. Saliva + starch solution
2. Take 2 ml from 1. Boiled it 40 degree water bath
3. 3ml taken by time and iodine and Fehling’s test performed

Question 7

The principal of the Fehling’s reaction

Answer 7

Under alkaline conditions: the aldehyde group of carbs. Reduce copper2 to copper1, Red precipitation. And aldehyde group is oxidized to carboxy group

Question 8

Preparation of Fehling’s reaction

Answer 8

Fehling’s-1reagent(copper2 sulphate solution), Fehling’s-2 reagent (solution of Na-K tartarate in NaOH)

Question 9

Procedure of Fehling’s test

Answer 9

1:1 reagent 1 and 2->deep blue solution then mix with sample

Question 10

Alpha amylase is ptyalin hydrolyzing starch to

Answer 10

amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, maltodextrin, and finally maltose

Question 11

Overall digestion is

Answer 11

(C6H10O5)n+n(H2O)=n(C6H12O6)

Question 12

Erythrodextrin reaction with iodine

Answer 12

Gives red color but negative to Fehling’s test

Question 13

Maltodextrin

Answer 13

Iodine test: negative
Fehling’s test: positive

Question 14

Maltose

Answer 14

Iodine: negative
Fehling’s test: positive strong

Question 15

Boiled sample

Answer 15

Iodine:positive

Question 16

Basal gastric secretion (BAO=basal-acid-output)

Answer 16

The amount of acid secreted by the stomach in 1 hr in the morning without stimulation

Question 17

Maximal gastric acid secretion (MAO=maximal-acid-output)

Answer 17

Highest rate of gastric acid secretion by stimulation (gastrin, histamine,histamine like substance)

Question 18

Peak acid output PAO

Answer 18

Sum of 2 highest 15 min fractions of maximal acid secretion.always lower than MAO

Question 19

Material of determination of BAO, MAO,PAO

Answer 19

1. Titration: 10 ml burette fixed to a stand
2. 1 mol/l NaOH solution
3. Phenol red indicator color change yellow(acid) to violet(base) in pH 6.8-8.4
4. Normacid, hipoacid, hyper acid HCl solution

Question 20

Procedure of determination of BAO,MAO,PAO

Answer 20

1. Gastric probe with fasting, remove and measure the gastric acid produced at night normal:10-15
2. After 1 hr collection 10ml of it is titrated with 0.1 mol/l NaOH+ phenol red indicator till the color to violet
3. After 1 hr , the pentagastrin administered to patient. Collect for each 15 min for 1 hr do the 2. Again

Question 21

Evaluation of the BAO results

Answer 21

BAO mmol/hr: amount of H+ produced in stomach without stimulator
Normal: 4 mmol/hr

Question 22

Evaluation of the MAO results

Answer 22

MAO mmol/hr: amount of H+ produced in stomach with stimulator(pentagastrin)
Normal: 16-20 mmol/ h

Question 23

Evaluation of the PAO results

Answer 23

PAO=the highest secretion amount that is sum of 2 highest (15 min) fractions of MAO
Normal: 10-12mmol/ 30 min

Question 24

Coculation of BAO MAO

Answer 24

N(HCl) =(V NaOH*V fraction)/100

Question 25

Hyperchorhydria

Answer 25

Indicative peptic ulcer, zollinger- Ellison syndrome

Question 26

Hypocholrhydria

Answer 26

Hypochtomic anemia, pernicious anemia, atropic gastritis, gastric carcinoma

Question 27

Matt’s tube method Investigation of the protein digestion function of pepsin

Answer 27

3 test tube 1. Only 2 ml pepsin solution + egg whites 2. Only 2 ml n/10 hydrochloric acid + egg whites 3. 1:1 mixture of pepsin and1/10n hydrochloric acid+ egg whites Only 3rd can observe the protein decomposition

Question 28

Bile types

Answer 28

A-bile mixture of duodenal juice and fluid coming from the liver and bile ducts B-bile:gallbladder bile, dark, more viscous C-bile: hepatic bile golden yellow

Question 29

Rosenbach’s test Determination of bile pigment

Answer 29

Filter paper with sample and put HNO3 HNO3 oxidise bilirubin to biliverdin(green),bilicyanine(blue),biliprasin (violet red), choletelin (yellow)

Question 30

Feces

Answer 30

Consistency pH: liquid,(pH 5.6-7.3) solid(pH6.0-8.4) Color Odor

Question 31

Stool test: Benzidine test Immunological fecal occult blood test(FOBT)

Answer 31

Benzidine test -pseudo peroxidase activity of hemoglobin (H2O2+benzidine->H2O+oxidized benzidine derivative) Immunological fecal occult blood test(FOBT) like Covid test