Week 13 Handout RLD Flashcards
What are the types of Restrictive Lung Disease?
Intrinsic RLD, Extrinsic RLD, Neuromuscular RLD
What is Intrinsic RLD?
Diseases directly affecting the lung interstitium.
What are examples of Intrinsic RLD?
Pneumoconiosis, Sarcoidosis, Pneumonitis
What is Extrinsic RLD?
Impaired lung expansion due to external restriction.
What are examples of Extrinsic RLD?
Obesity, Flail chest, Scoliosis, Pneumothorax, Ankylosing spondylitis
What is Neuromuscular RLD?
Inadequate chest wall movement due to muscle or nerve disorders.
What are examples of Neuromuscular RLD?
Myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Poliomyelitis
What is Pneumoconiosis?
Lung disease caused by inhalation of airborne dust/fibers (occupational exposure).
What are the subtypes of Pneumoconiosis?
Asbestosis, Silicosis, Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
What is Sarcoidosis?
Multisystem granulomatous disease of epithelioid-cell granulomata.
What can Sarcoidosis lead to?
Tissue injury & granuloma formation. Can resolve or progress to fibrosis and hyalinization.
What is Pneumonitis?
Inflammation of lung tissue (noninfectious origin) involving alveoli and bronchioles.
What triggers Pneumonitis?
Irritants, allergens, radiation, or medications rather than infection.
What is Acute Intrinsic RLD: ARDS?
Caused by severe inflammation of the alveolar-capillary membrane.
What triggers ARDS?
Cytokine storm, phospholipids, and immune activation (e.g., sepsis, trauma).
What is Extrinsic RLD: Flail Chest?
Chest wall trauma from multiple rib fractures causing paradoxical breathing.
What is Extrinsic RLD: Pneumothorax?
Air in pleural space causes partial or complete lung collapse.
What are the severity classifications of Pneumothorax?
Small: ≤15% collapse, Moderate: 15–60% collapse, Large: >60% collapse.
What are preoperative anesthetic considerations?
Perform thorough pulmonary evaluation, optimize comorbid conditions, continue bronchodilators or steroids, encourage pre-op pulmonary rehab.
What are intraoperative anesthetic considerations?
Prefer regional anesthesia, minimize sedation, use lung-protective ventilation, monitor for hypoxia, CO₂ retention, increased airway pressures.
What are postoperative anesthetic considerations?
Implement aggressive pulmonary hygiene, encourage early mobilization, provide supplemental oxygen or ventilatory support, closely monitor for atelectasis, respiratory failure, prolonged hypoventilation.
