Week 13: Reproductive System Pathologies

Question 1

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer 1

• enlargement of the prostate gland
• may be called benign prostate hypertrophy but seem to be mainly more cells, not bigger
• common in men older than 60 years of age
• may cause the inability to empty bladder completely, leading to partial urinary tract obstruction, bilateral eternal dilation ad hydronephrosis
• us, mri, excretory urography/voiding cyst-gram for diagnosis

Question 2

Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate Gland

Answer 2

• prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men
• almost all prostate cancers are adenocarcinoma
• may cause bladder neck obstruction, infiltration of the trigone, or invasive obstruction of ureters = potential obstruction of upper urinary tracts
• digital exam = finger in rectum, not digital imaging
• us, mri, excretory urography/voiding cystogram for diagnosis

Question 3

Uterine Fibroids

Answer 3

• leiomyomas
• benign smooth-muscle tumours that can vary in number and size
• growth of fibroid tumours stimulated by estrogen
• may put pressure on other organs if large

Question 4

Malignant Breast Disease - Adenocarcinoma of the Breast

Answer 4

• breast cancer is most common malignancy for women aged 44-50
• most often in UOQ (upper outer quadrant)
• many types of breast cancer, adenocarcinoma being the most common = develops from glandular cells in epithelia tissue involving the ducts or lobules
• may have lump, skin thickening, dimpling, nipple retraction

Question 4

Breast Cancer In Situ

Answer 4

• in situ: the cancer cells remain confined to ducts or tubules
• sometimes referred to as non-invasive breast cancer
• DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situ
• LCIS: lobular carcinoma in situ

Question 4

Fibrocystic Breast Disease

Answer 4

• breast tissue thickens, cysts develop
• cyst = fluid filled sac, well circumscribed
• cysts may vary in size, number and composition (more fibrous tissue may be present in breast)
• cysts are usually bilateral in FBD
• cyst size change with menstrual cycle
• potentially painful, lumpy breasts

Question 5

Fibroadenoma of the Breast

Answer 5

• most common benign tumour
• consists of fibrous (connective) and glandular tissue
• smooth, round or oval, gently lobulated
• solid lesion
• not pre-cancerous

Question 5

Cyst vs Fibroadenoma

Answer 5

cyst:
- smooth, well circumscribed circular mass
- no spiculation (no invasion into surrounding tissue)
- may have halo surrounding
- us needed to differentiate cystic vs solid
- us shows fluid/cystic mass
fibroadenoma:
- smooth, well circumscribed, often lobulated mass
- no spiculation
- popcorn calcification may be present
- us to differentiate cystic vs solid
- us shows solid mass

Question 6

Female Infertility

Answer 6

• due to abnormal uterus, obstructed fallopian tubes, issues with eggs
• evaluated in 2 ways in DI: us or hysterosalpingogram