Week 14: Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by
A
returning interstitial fluid to the plasma
2
Q
Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?
- Defense
- Fluid equilibrium
- Fat absorption
A
- Defense
- Fluid equilibrium
- Fat absorption
3
Q
Is excess interstitial fluid
A
Lymph
4
Q
What structural feature of lymphatic vessels is responsible for preventing lymph from flowing backward?
A
Valves
5
Q
Close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium
A
Lymphatic capillaries
6
Q
Resemble small veins and contain valves to prevent backward flow of lymph
A
Lymphatic vessels
7
Q
Lymph from the right upper limb enters blood circulation here
A
Right lymphatic duct
8
Q
Lymph from the lower limbs enters blood circulation here
A
Thoracic duct
9
Q
Are the sites of proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes
A
Germinal centers
10
Q
Protect against bacteria from entering the pharynx from the nasal or oral cavity
A
Tonsils
11
Q
Filter lymph; house lymphocytes
A
Lymph nodes
12
Q
Destroys defective red blood cells; responds to foreign substances in the blood
A
Spleen
13
Q
Site for the maturation of T cells
A
Thymus
14
Q
Which of the following is the molecule that displays an antigen on the surface of cells?
A
Major histocompatibility complex
15
Q
Specificity and memory are characteristics of adaptive and innate immunity. T/F
A
False
16
Q
Specificity involves the immune system’s ability to recognize a particular substance. T/F
A
True
17
Q
Memory involves the immune system’s ability to “remember” previous substances. T/F
A
True
18
Q
Memory and specificity speed up and lengthen the immune system’s reaction time. T/F
A
True
19
Q
Which of the following is a lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune system and functions to kill tumor cells and infected cells?
a. Macrophages
b. Natural killer cells
c. Eosinophils
d. Basophils
A
B. Natural killer cells
20
Q
Causes vasodilation and increased permeability of vessels
A
Histamine
21
Q
Protect cells against viral infection
A
Interferon
22
Q
Group of plasma proteins; promote inflammation and can lyse bacterial cells
A
Complement
23
Q
Check all that occur during inflammation.
Chemical mediators cause vasodilation.
Blood flow to the area is decreased.
Vascular permeability is decreased.
Fibrin walls off the infected area.
Complement attracts phagocytes to the area.
A
Chemical mediators cause vasodilation.
Fibrin walls off the infected area.
Complement attracts phagocytes to the area.
24
Q
Foreign antigen and example:
A
Introduced from outside the body; pollen
25
Self-antigen and example:
Molecules produced by the body; Recognition of tumor antigens
26
A ________________ stimulates a B cell to divide and produce _________________.
helper T cell; plasma cells
27
Which is the proper order of events in cell-mediated immunity?
1) Cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells
2) Antigen presented to cytotoxic T cell
3) Activation of cytotoxic T cell
4) Target cells attacked by cytotoxic T cells
2) Antigen presented to cytotoxic T cell
3) Activation of cytotoxic T cell
1) Cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells
4) Target cells attacked by cytotoxic T cells
28
Antibody-mediated immunity
B lymphocytes, MHC - II, plasma cells, antibody production, activation of complement
29
Cell-mediated immunity
cytotoxic T cells, used to destroy cancerous cells & virus infected cells, MHC - I
30
Both (antibody & cell-mediated)
helper T cells, memory T cells, APCs
31
What is the cell that is responsible for a secondary response to an antigen?
Memory B cell
32
A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen.
True
33
In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells. T/F
True
34
A secondary response is slower than a primary response. T/F
False
35
In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells. T/F
True
36
Cytotoxic T cells interact with target cells by recognizing
antigen-MHC protein complexes
37
Active natural immunity occurs when
an individual develops a disease.
38
Cell-mediated immunity is effective
in eliminating virus-infected cells.
39
__________ immunity is what we are born with and it is nonspecific.
Innate
40
This branch of the immune system contains __________ component.
no memory
41
__________ immunity is changeable and can adapt to better attack new invading antigens.
Acquired
42
This branch of the immune system contains a __________ component, where immune cells remember a previous exposure to a specific antigen.
memory
43
Which of the following effects is seen in immunotherapy treatment of diseases?
Directly attacking harmful cells
Inhibiting the immune system against self-antigens
Monoclonal antibody therapy against specific antigens
All of the choices are correct.
All choices are correct
44
Select all that are examples of how immunotherapy can help treat diseases.
Kill tumor cells
Alter immune system function
Inhibit the immune system
Promote inflammation
Kill tumor cells
Alter immune system function
Inhibit the immune system
Promote inflammation
45
Select all that are reasons why, as a result of aging, the immune system is less effective in its functions.
The thymus significantly increases in size.
Helper T-lymphocytes are less responsive to antigens
B-lymphocyte production is decreased.
The primary and secondary antibody responses are faster, with more memory cells produced.
Helper T-lymphocytes are less responsive to antigens
B-lymphocyte production is decreased.
46
Virus proteins and self-proteins are examples of proteins found inside of a cell. T/F
True
47
Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules
stimulate cell destruction by cytotoxic T-cells.
48
Cytotoxic T-cells directly attack
cells that display foreign proteins on their surface.
49
Cytotoxic T-cells produce _______ which creates holes in the cell membranes of target cells.
Perforin
50
Cytotoxic T-cells interact with target cells by recognizing
foreign protein-MHC protein complexes.
51
When a virus infects a cell, some of the viral proteins are broken down into peptide fragments. T/F
True
52
Cytotoxic T-cells interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins. T/F
False
Explanation: Cytotoxic T-cells interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins.
53
Protein is usually a T-cell dependent antigen. T/F
True
54
Which of the following are needed for antibody production to occur with T-cell dependent antigens?
1. Helper T-cell
2. Cytotoxic T-cell
3. B cell
4. Cytokines
Helper T-cell, B cell, Cytokines
55
An antigen-presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell
on its surface, attached to an MHC class II molecule.
56
A helper T cell becomes activated by a(n) __________.
antigen-presenting cell
57
A __________ must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.
helper T cell
58
Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed
Antigens
Explanation: Antigens are molecules that can elicit an immune response. They can be allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. They can also be from exposure to the wrong blood type. In addition, one's own body has antigens to let the immune system differentiate its own cells from foreign ones. Failure to do this could present as an autoimmune disease.
59
Macrophages secrete __________ which then activates __________.
interleukin-1; helper T cells
60
Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells. T/F
False. Explanation: Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of both cytotoxic T cells and B cells.
61
The secondary response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary response. T/F
True
62
Excess _____________ fluid is returned to the bloodstream through a network of lymphatic vessels.
interstitial
63
Fluid
Lymph
64
Lipid Absorbtion
Lacteals, chyle
65
Defense
Lymph node, spleen, lymphocytes
66
Fluid moves from __________ capillaries into tissue spaces.
blod
67
Most of this fluid returns to circulation, but some fluid moves from the tissue spaces into lymphatic __________ to become __________.
capillaries; lymph
68
These capillaries are tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of overlapping simple squamous cells that act as __________ to prevent the backflow of fluid.
valves
69
The __________, which resemble small veins are formed from smaller vessels merging.
lymphatic vessels
70
Lymph is first transported from the tissue spaces into the tiny, closed-ended __________.
lymphatic capillaries
71
Lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest form the __________, which empties into the __________.
right lymphatic duct; right subclavian vein
72
Lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body enter the __________, which empties into the __________.
thoracic duct; left subclavian vein
73
The ability for adaptive immunity to improve the immune response to a particular pathogen over subsequent exposures is referred to as
memory
74
Due to __________, blood flow to the damaged area __________ and brings phagocytes and other __________ to the area.
vasodilation; increases, white blood cells
75
Increased __________ allows important inflammatory mediators to enter the tissue from the blood.
vascular permeability
76
__________ is converted to fibrin, which isolates the infection by walling off the infected area.
fibrinogen
77
__________ further enhances the inflammatory response and attracts additional phagocytes.
complement
78
Substances that stimulate an adaptive immune response are called
antigens
79
The __________ are responsible for the __________ immune response.
cytotoxic T cells; cell-mediated
80
The __________ provide a secondary response and __________ immunity.
memory T cells; long-lasting
81
The __________ can facilitate the activation of B cells or effector T cells.
helper T cells
82
A cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells is
interleukin-1
83
Events in order how helper T cells are activated to describe how helper T cells are activated.
a. Antigens are presented with MHC class II molecules, which bind the T-cell receptor of a specific helper T cell
b. The increased number of helper T cells can facilitate the activation of B cells or effector T cells
c. The helper T cell stimulates itself to divide when interleukin-2 binds to its interleukin-2 receptors
d. Daughter helper T cells resulting from the division greatly increases the number of helper T cells.
e. Antigen-presenting cells phagocytize, process, and display antigens on their surface
f. Interleukin-1 stimulates the activated helper T cell to secrete interleukin-2
g. Costimulation occurs
E, A, G, F, C, D, B
84
The ability of cell-mediated immunity to resist __________ pathogens decreases with age. For example, the elderly are more susceptible to __________ and should be vaccinated every year.
intracellular; influenza
85
Some pathogens cause disease but are not eliminated from the body; with age, decreased immunity can lead to __________ of the pathogen. An example is the virus that causes chickenpox in children, which can remain latent within nerve cells, even though the disease seems to have disappeared. Later in life, the virus can leave the nerve cells and infect skin cells, causing painful lesions known as herpes zoster, or __________.
reactivation; shingles
86
Because viruses induce some cancers, interferons may play a role in controlling cancers. T/F
True
87
Interferons activate B cells and T cells. T/F
false
88
Interferons currently are not produced in sufficient quantities for clinical use. T/F
false
89
Interferons can be used to treat hepatitis C and genital warts. T/F
true
90
Interferons are not approved for the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma. T/F
false
91
A monoclonal antibody is an antibody that is capable of combatting several different types of antigens. T/F
false
92
Clinical uses for monoclonal antibodies are very limited. T/F
false
93
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by injecting an antigen into a laboratory animal to activate a T-cell clone against the antigen. T/F
false
94
One ideal characteristic of monoclonal antibodies is that the cells from which they are derived divide rapidly. T/F
true
95
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to determine pregnancy. T/F
true
96
What specific cell type is the effector cell for cell-mediated immunity (i.e., the cell type that destroys the antigen-containing cell)?
Cytotoxic T cell
97
An infected cell displaying MHC class I/antigen complexes on its surface can activate ________ cells, leading to destruction of the infected cell.
cytotoxic T
98
Which of following accurately describes lymph?
Lymph is the excess interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries from the tissues.
99
Pathogens and cancerous tumor cells found in lymph are destroyed or retained by cells within the __________.
lymph nodes
100
Lymph is prevented from flowing backwards by __________.
valves in lymphatic vessels
101
A blockage of the right lymphatic duct may cause swelling of the __________.
right arm
102
A blockage of the thoracic duct may cause swelling of the __________.
left arm. Explanation: The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the head, right arm, and right side of the thorax and delivers it to the right subclavian vein. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the rest of the body and delivers it to the left subclavian vein.
103
A wound triggers the complex process of __________.
repairing the skin
104
How many steps are involved in the wound healing process?
3
105
What is the correct sequence for wound healing?
Inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase
106
Which of the following initiates the clotting mechanism?
Platelet plug
107
A keloid formation is a type of complication that can occur during the healing of a wound. T/F
True
108
The process in which white blood cells eat debris and kill bacteria to reduce the risk of infection is called _________.
phagocytosis
109
The restoration of the protective skin barrier is called __________.
epithelialization
110
What phase of the wound healing process can leave an avascular scar?
Remodeling
111
Keloids are composed of mostly __________, and are __________ growing.
collagen; slow
112
What is the common initial treatment for keloids?
injections
113
Keloids regress spontaneously and tend not to recur after excision.
False
114
Which of the following cells are functional within the immune system?
Specialized WBC. Explanation: Specialized white blood cells, like T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, can respond to antigens with a variety of difference mechanisms.
115
The body helps to protect itself from antigens by producing __________ that bind to antigens, rendering them harmless.
antibodies
Explanation:
Certain white blood cells can produce antibodies, which can bind to an antigen, and take away its ability to be harmful. Typically, it takes one exposure for the body to learn how to make antibodies. For example, if you get chicken pox, you get sick. However, while you're sick the body is making antibodies for the next time you become exposed to the virus that causes chicken pox. Next time you're exposed, you won't get sick.
116
Rhinitis (nasal inflammation) can result from exposure to pollen, an antigen. This response by the immune system can be known as __________.
immediate hypersensitivity
Explanation:
When a body overreacts to an allergen, with local symptoms, it's called immediate hypersensitivity.
117
A reaction to the antigens present in bee venom could result in hypotension (low blood pressure) and dyspnea (difficulty breathing). This reaction is called __________.
anaphylaxis
Explanation:
When the entire body reacts to an allergen, not just the local tissues, this is a dangerous response called anaphylaxis. It may require an injection of epinephrine to counteract the hypotension and dyspnea.
118
Lymph flow: Correct or incorrect
Lymphatic capillaries to collecting vessels
Left lumbar trunk to the thoracic duct
Intestinal trunk to the right lymphatic duct
Lymph nodes to lymphatic capillaries
Collecting ducts to collecting vessels
Right subclavian trunk to thoracic duct
Collecting vessels to lymphatic trunks
Lower extremity lymph to the thoracic duct
Thoracic duct to cisterna chyli
Right head lymph to the thoracic duct
```
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Incorrect
Correct
Correct
Incorrect
Incorrect
```
119
Specific form of defense
B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, antibodies agglutinin, complement, major histocompatibility complexes, cytotoxic t cells, helper t cells, memory t cells, cd4+ cells, plasma cells, immunoglobulin
120
Nonspecific form of defense
Skin, neutrophils, hypodermal areolar connective tissue, stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized epithelium
121
First line of defense
skin, mucosal membranes
122
Second line of defense
macrophages, eosinophils, inflammation, fever
123
Third line of defense
vaccines, humoral & cell-mediated immunity, MHCs, APCs, lymphocytes, antibodies
124
Increase of inflammatory response
histamine & heparin release, complement fixation, hyperemia, basophil activation
125
Decrease of inflammatory response
vasoconstriction of arterioles, hypoxia, reduced temperature, regulatory T cells, aspirin
126
Fluid contained inside the lymphatic vessels is referred to as __________ and is similar to __________ in consistency and appearance.
lymph; blood plasma
127
Originating distally in the tissues of the body, excess interstitial fluids are taken up by the __________ which resemble __________.
lymphatic vessels; veins
128
Accumulations of lymphocytes embedded in connective tissue networks are called __________ and can be present in static locations or acutely accumulate in areas of infection.
lymphatic tissues
129
The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes are all examples of __________.
lymphatic organs
130
The lymphatic system recovers fluids lost from the __________ via diffusion by collecting and re-circulating them into the cardiovascular system.
vasculature to the interstitium
131
One disease condition that exemplifies the __________ function of the lymphatic system is __________ which is caused by parasitic blockages of the lymphatic vessels resulting in massive interstitial tissue edema.
fluid reclamation; elephantiasis
132
Immune function occurs largely because lymph contains __________ and immunoglobulins which serve as powerful defense mechanisms against pathogens.
white blood cells
133
Digestive function of the lymphatic system is provided by __________ in the intestines which are involved with the process of __________.
lacteals; lipid absorption
134
Following musculoskeletal injury such as sprained ankle, medical professionals use the acronym __________ to detail the method of treatment from injury.
P.R.I.C.E
135
In order to reduce the chances of further damage to the affected tissues, one is encouraged to __________ the injury with prophylactic devices like casts, splints, and slings.
protect
136
By removing one from the conditions that caused the injury and reducing the movement of the affected areas, __________ is an important factor in further decreasing the chances of further harm.
restcompress
137
Using __________ works to vasoconstrict the vasculature (arteries) of the injured area and thus reduce the amount of fluids reaching the injury and accumulating in the interstitium.
ice
138
Using medical wraps will __________ the tissues which increases the interstitial hydrostatic pressure thus promoting the reabsorption of fluid into lymphatic vessels.
elevate
139
It is also important to __________ the affected area above the level of the heart, if possible, which harnesses the forces of gravity to move fluids away from the site of injury and back into general circulation.
compress
140
Four cardinal signs of __________ are recognized.
inflammation
141
Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces __________.
redness
142
The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings __________ from the axial regions of the body.
heat
143
With increase blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in __________.
swelling (edema)
144
Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activating receptors for __________.
pain
145
Interestingly, __________ do not directly attach nor destroy any pathogens, rather they bind to pathogens and in doing so render them incapable of causing an immune response.
antibodies
146
Antibodies that bind to all of the surface antigens of pathogens exhibit _________ which prevents the pathogen from binding to and thus causing damage to human cells.
neutralization
147
Antibodies bind to antigens sites on pathogenic cells and in doing so open binding sites and promote __________ resulting in a conversion of complement proteins to fight the pathogen.
complement fixation
148
Antibodies that bind to more than one cell simultaneously can rapidly cause clumping or __________ to occur which prevents the pathogen from contacting and damaging human cells.
agglutination
149
Small pathogenic molecules that are soluble are clumped together by antibodies binding more than one molecule simultaneously, making the molecule insoluble and less mobile. This is an example of __________.
precipitation
150
Soluble plasma proteins known as __________ can be activated in three ways with the __________ mechanism requiring antibodies.
complement; classical or antibody-dependent
151
The alternative and __________ pathways of complement activation can both be initiated __________ of antibody actions.
lectin; independent
152
One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to __________ which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.
basophils and mast cells
153
By binding __________ to red blood cells, complement can serve as a promoter of __________ by transporting these elements to reticular tissue for removal.
antibody-antigen complexes; immune clearance
154
Activated C3b can also directly attach to pathogens and later serve as markers for __________ through a process called opsonization.
phagocytosis
155
Further cascades of reactions caused by C3b encourage the formation of __________ in the membranes of pathogens, causing __________.
membrane attack complexes; cytolysis
