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BNNS501 Exam 1 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Term for when a person has been infected by a pathogen and made an apparent recovery but the pathogen is still present and may be reactivated.

A

Latent

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2
Q

Virulence means:

A

the potency of a pathogen to infect a host and cause death of the host

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3
Q

A subclinical infection:

A

is an infection with signs and symptoms so mild they are not recognised but are able to be transmitted

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4
Q

Define a pathogen

A

a disease causing microorganism

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5
Q

All microorganisms cause disease.

A

false

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6
Q

All viruses have the potential to cause disease

A

True

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7
Q

If someone has a pathogen in them but it is not causing injury to cells or tissues and they have no signs or symptoms they are considered to be

A

Asymptomatic

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8
Q

What is a vector of disease?

A

An insect, bird or rat which carries disease from one organism to another but doesn’t have the disease themselves

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9
Q

If someone sneezes on to you as you stand next to them on the bus this is considered to be which mode of transmission?

A

Droplet

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10
Q

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

A

Transient Flora

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11
Q

Resident or normal flora

A

normally inhabit the human body and do not cause disease in normal circumstances

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12
Q

Where do viruses multiply?

A

In a living host

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13
Q

The interval between entry of a pathogen and the appearance of first non-specific symptoms is called the:

A

Incubation period

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14
Q

A gram-negative bacteria is responsive to treatment with penicillin.

A

False

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15
Q

Scabies is an example of which type of infection?

A

Parasite

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16
Q

Influenza is an example of a virus which causes what type of infection?

A

Acute Lytic

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17
Q

An example of a virus which can result in a chronic infection is:

A

Hepatitis B

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18
Q

Bacterial endospores

A

adapt to unfavourable conditions by forming a spore with a thick coat to protect it from freezing and chemicals

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19
Q

Lysozyme is an example of:

A

An enzyme which is bacteriocidal

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20
Q

Name the four basic tissue types.

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

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21
Q

The type of tissue that binds and supports organs and tissues is:

A

Connective

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22
Q

Which layer of the skin is composed of connective tissue?

A

Dermis

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23
Q

The layer of the skin that is composed of epithelial tissue is the:

A

Epidermis

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24
Q

What is produced by the sebaceous glands to moisten and softens skin?

A

Sebum

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25
Sensory neurons that detect touch, vibration, tickle, heat, cold and pain are located in which layer of the skin?
Dermis
26
One of the main functions of skin is storage of blood.
True
27
Skin secretes lysozyme.
True
28
Normal or Resident Flora is normally found in the bladder
false
29
The epidermis has no blood supply.
true
30
The brain stops sending nerve impulses to the sweat glands when
the core body temperature returns to normal
31
Which of the substances below is used for protection from UV radiation
melanin
32
Which layer of skin has no blood vessels?
epidermis
33
Sweat
helps regulate body temperature
34
The hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) consists of
areolar and adipose tissue
35
The portion of hair that is responsible for its growth is:
Matrix
36
People who rarely venture outdoors or completely cover their skin when outdoors may develop a deficiency of
vitamin D
37
Thermoreceptor cells in the skin send nerve impulses to
a temperature control center of the brain
38
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface
they degenerate and die
39
Which layer of the skin functions as a blood reservoir?
dermis
40
Five functions of connective tissue?
``` binding tissues together supporting and strengthing tissue protecting and insulate internal organs compartmentalise and transport energy reserves and immune response. ```
41
The three types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
42
the two layers of the serous membrane?
visceral layer and parietal layer
43
What is the serous membrane?
it is a thin, slippery double-layered membranes and adhere to outer surface of organs (viscera).
44
What is the mucous membrane?
Mucous membranes produce a film that protects and coats underlying cells. it protects and lubricates.
45
what does the parts of the integumentary system contain?
skin and accessory structures: hair, nails, blood vessels, muscles and nerves.
46
What does the epidermis layer consist of?
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
47
What does the dermis layer consist of?
Sebaceous glands, dermal arterioles, and hair follicles
48
Dermal arterioles?
dilate in hot weather increasing heat loss from skin and constrict in cold weather preventing heat loss.
49
What are the three pigments that normally effect skin colour?
melanin, carotene and haemoglobin.
50
What are the six main functions of skin?
``` protection sensory excretion vitamin D synthesis stores blood temperature regulation ```
51
What are some age related changes to the skin?
Wrinkling, grey hair, hair loss, reduced sweat production, elastic fibres lose elasticity, blood vessel walls thicken, and poor skin healing
52
what are the 6 different elements to the skin?
sweat, lysozyme, shedding, salty, serum, and keratin
53
What are the 2 main types of defence mechanisms for the respiratory tract
hairs, and cilia
54
What are the 4 types of secretions?
Lysozyme, stomach acid, pH, and lactoferrin.
55
What are the 5 types of cleaning actions?
saliva, tears, urine, vomiting and vaginal and seminal fluid
56
What is transient flora?
It is temporary and is easily transferred from surface to surface. it is more likely to cause infection and can be removed by hand washing.
57
What are the 3 benefits of normal/resident flora?
helps to inhibit growth of pathogens by providing competition for space and nutrients stimulate the immune system and manufacture vitamins
58
What is a opportunist?
Opportunists are when good flora goes bad. Normal/resident flora can cause disease under certain conditions. people that have a compromised immune system tend to be older or younger, malnourished or have physical and emotional stress. access the body sites that are not normally reached.
59
What is a biofilm?
A biofilm is coordinated functional community of microbes. it consists of microbes in the matrix or polysaccliorides and hydrogel. Microbes seldom lives as isolated single species. The biofilm attaches to a surface and protects bacteria from antibiotics, desiccation and destruction by the immune system and it provides bacteria with nutrients and removal of waste.
60
What is bacterial growth increased by in humans?
Water or moist environments, isotonic surroundings, oxygen, temperature close to 37 degrees, a pH close to 7, availability of nutrients, and environments where theyre not easily brushed away
61
what are the 4 types of viruses?
acute lytic eg influenza sub-clinical eg measles, HPV latent eg varicella zoster Chronic eg Hepatitis B
62
What are the 4 main parasites?
Fleas, Lice, Scabies and ticks
63
What are the 4 infection stages
incubation period prodromal stage illness stage convalescence stage
64
What are the two main subdivisions in the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS) | Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
65
What is a tract?
A bundle of axons located in the CNS having the same origin, termination and function
66
What is a nerve?
A bundle of axons located in PNS in addition to connective tissue and blood vessels.
67
What is the myelin sheath formed by?
Schwann cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS
68
What is a synapses?
A synapse is the functional junction between: a neuron and another neuron, and a neuron and the effector.

BNNS501 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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