Week 2

Question 1

Method

Answer 1

A study design which allows us to systematically study the social world, and make more reliable conclusions

Question 2

What is the role of skepticism in ethics and research?

Answer 2

Scholars must constantly search for evidence that claims about the social world are wrong

Question 3

Nuremburg Code

Answer 3

Agreement which outlined basic ethical principles for research on people

Question 4

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

Answer 4

Long-term experiment on Black men in Alabama that demonstrates unethical research design. Looked at how the symptoms of syphilis developed over time if
left untreated

Question 5

Devah Pager

Answer 5

Conducted an audit study to look for an answer to why people who had served time in prison are much less likely to have a job

Question 6

Audit Study

Answer 6

An experiment where all subjects are matched on all characteristics except the one being tested for discrimination

Question 7

Confirmation Bias

Answer 7

Tendency we all have to look for and accept information that reinforces what we already believe

Question 8

Informed Consent

Answer 8

Voluntary agreement to participate in research based on a full understanding of the potential risks and benefits

Question 9

How do we choose a particular method?

Answer 9

We have to consider our topic, what question we hope to answer, what resources we have available, and our research skills

Question 10

Rachel Sherman

Answer 10

Conducted a study where she worked at the front desk of two expensive hotels in the U.S. to study how the hotels ensure that their wealthy guests feel pampered

Question 11

Erin Hatton and Mary Nell Trautner

Answer 11

Completed a content analysis of Rolling Stone cover photos, looking at how men and women were sexually objectified by the magazine

Question 12

Émile Durkheim

Answer 12

Used historical death records from towns across France to see how frequently suicide occurred

Question 13

Historical Analysis

Answer 13

Review of existing historical records

Question 14

Independent Variable

Answer 14

The characteristic you believe to be causing something

Question 15

Dependent Variable

Answer 15

The characteristic which is caused, or depends on, the independent variable

Question 16

Mitch Duneier

Answer 16

Conducted an ethnography of a neighborhood where homeless people sold used books and magazines they
retrieved from recycling bins out on the sidewalk

Question 17

Random Samples

Answer 17

Allow us to study a small group and have it represent the larger population

Question 18

Non-random Samples

Answer 18

May not allow us to generalize results outside the study

Question 19

Operationalization

Answer 19

Defining and quantifying variables into measurable units

Question 20

Non-response Bias

Answer 20

Non-representativeness in a sample caused by patterns in who does and doesn’t respond

Question 21

How can we demonstrate causation?

Answer 21

To establish causation, see which variable precedes the other, and use a control in experiments

Question 22

Spurious Relationship

Answer 22

When a third variable actually explains the apparent connection between two variables

Question 23

Social Desirability Bias

Answer 23

Problems introduced to data when respondents give answers they believe are socially acceptable

Question 24

International Review Board (IRB)

Answer 24

All research on human beings or groups much be cleared by the IRB

Question 25

You can use a _____ method to derive quantitative data

Answer 25

Survey

Question 26

You can use a _____ method to derive qualitative data

Answer 26

Interview

Question 27

Inductive Research

Answer 27

Starts with observations and data, conducts a preliminary analysis, and creates a theory/ hypothesis

Question 28

Deductive Research

Answer 28

Starts with a theory, creates a hypothesis, makes observations, and carries out analysis of original hypothesis

Question 29

Experiment (Strengths & Weaknesses)

Answer 29

Strengths: We can be confident of the effect of the isolated element because we use a control Weaknesses: Can’t ethically study some things experimentally, may not be sure that people act the same way in the “real world”, people are never truly influenced by only one factor at a time

Question 30

Survey (Strengths & Weaknesses)

Answer 30

Strengths: Can be done anonymously, can get very large sample sizes, can gather representative samples, allows us to statistically test for alternative explanations, allows us to state the probability of a causal relationship Weaknesses: Not all social questions cannot be answered in survey form, problems with surveys (respondents lying, social desirability bias)

Question 31

Ethnography (Strengths & Weaknesses)

Answer 31

Strengths: Get detailed info about how people act in a certain context, personal understanding of what it feels like to take part in the social world, record what people say and do over time, build trusting relationships with studies individuals and groups, researchers can provide reliability checks, time to understand more nuances Weaknesses: Time consuming, smaller sample sizes, oftentimes less generalizable to a population

Question 32

Historical & Content Analysis (Strengths & Weaknesses)

Answer 32

Strengths: Look for patterns or themes that are not readily evident, show how a topic is presented in the media, study change over time Weaknesses: Cannot control the quality of data

Question 33

What are the four parts of a general hypothesis?

Answer 33

The population, condition(s), independent variable, and dependent variable