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Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

List examples of common gram positive cocci.

A
  • staphylococcus aureus

- streptococcus pneumoniae

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2
Q

List some examples of gram positive rods/bacci.

A
  • listeria monocytogenes

- corynebacterium diphtheriae

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3
Q

Give an example of a gram negative cocci.

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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4
Q

List some examples of common gram negative rods/bacci.

A
  • Escherichia coli

- salmonella species

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5
Q

What are the benefits of normal flora colonisation?

A
  • establishment of infections is inhibited by competition and natural by products.
  • vitamins (K and B) in the gut produce metabolic end products.
  • immune stimulation
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6
Q

Which body sites are sterile?

A
  • blood, tissues and organ systems
  • CNS
  • lower respiratory tract
  • sinuses, inner and middle ear
  • renal system down to posterior urethra
  • female reproductive tract down to cervix
  • eye except exposed conjunctivae
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7
Q

List the features of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

A
  • temp out with 36-38
  • heart rate >90
  • respiratory rate > 20
  • PaCo2 < 4.3 kPa
  • white cell count out with 4000-12000 / ml
  • > 10% immature band forms
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8
Q

What is sepsis?

A

SIRS in presence of infection

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9
Q

What is severe sepsis?

A

Sepsis with evidence of organ hypoperfusion e.g. hypoxaemia, oliguria, acidosis, cerebral dysfunction

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10
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Severe sepsis with hypotension despite fluid resuscitation or vasopressor/inotropic support

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11
Q

List some examples of extracellular bacteria, parasites and fungi.

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacteria that causes pneumonia)
  2. Clostridium tetani (bacteria that causes tetanus)
  3. Trypanosoma brucei (parasite that causes sleeping sickness)
  4. Pneumocystis carinii (fungi that causes pneumocystis pneumonia)
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12
Q

List some examples of intracellular bacteria and parasites.

A
  1. Mycobacterium leprae (bacteria that causes leprosy)
  2. Leishmania donovani (parasite that causes leishmaniasis)
  3. Plasmodium falciparum (parasite that causes malaria)
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13
Q

List some examples of intracellular viruses.

A
  1. Variola (causes smallpox)
  2. Influenza (causes flu)
  3. Varicella (causes chickenpox)
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14
Q

List some examples of extracellular parasitic worms.

A
  1. Ascaris (causes ascariasis)

2. Shistosoma (causes shistosomiasis)

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15
Q

Give examples of vaccines that use live attenuated, or killed, bacteria.

A
  • these allow immune system to learn an antibody response*
    1. BCG vaccine for tuberculosis
    2. Cholera vaccine for cholera
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16
Q

Give examples of vaccines that use live attenuated viruses.

A
  • these allow the body to learn a cell mediated antibody response*
    1. Polio vaccine
    2. Rabies vaccine
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17
Q

Give examples of vaccines that use a subunit (antigen).

A
  • these allow body to learn an antibody response*
    1. Diphtheria toxoid
    2. Tetanus toxoid
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18
Q

Give examples of conjugate vaccines.

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A
  • these enable body to learn a helper T cell dependent antibody response to polysaccharide antigens*
    1. Haemophilus influenza
    2. Streptococcus pneumoniae
19
Q

Give an example of a synthetic vaccine.

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A
  • allows body to learn antibody response*

1. Hepatitis virus

20
Q

What types of vaccines are undergoing clinical trials?

Study These Flashcards
A

Viral vectors and DNA vaccines - both aim to provide protection through a cell mediated and humoral immune response.

21
Q

Discuss Ebola.

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A
  • spread via human contact/body fluids e.g. saliva and sweat
  • kills 1 in 2
  • signs/symptoms include:
    • fever
    • aches and pain
    • weakness and fatigue
    • sore throat
    • loss of appetite
    • GI - abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea
      - unexplained haemorrhaging, bruising or bleeding
22
Q

Discuss the Zika virus

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A
  • transmitted by mosquitos
  • can cause hydrocephalus in infants
  • can cause Guillian Barre syndrome (immune system attacks PNS)
  • signs/symptoms
    • rash
    • itching
    • high temp
    • headache
    • joint pain/swelling
    • muscle pain
    • conjunctivitis
    • lower back pain
    • pain behind eyes
23
Q

Discuss malaria.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • parasite spread by anopheles mosquito
  • parasites replicate in liver and erupt as new forms which can get into RBCs
  • characterised by fever
  • cerebral malaria - RBCs become sticky and stick in vessels of brain to cause stroke
24
Q

Discuss lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • parasitic worm from mosquitos (Aedes)
  • can cause, itching, swelling and thickening of skin
  • lymph doesn’t drain
25
List some mosquito borne diseases
- malaria - lymphatic filiariasis - Zika virus - Yellow fever - Dengue fever - Chikungunya - West Nile virus
26
List some other arthropod borne diseases.
- plague by fleas - leishmaniasis by sandflies - African trypanosomiasis by tsetse flies - American trypanosomiasis by reduced bugs - relapsing fever by ticks - Lyme disease by ticks
27
Discuss yellow fever.
- transmitted by mosquitos - vaccine available - signs/symptoms - fever - headache - nausea/vomiting - weakness/fatigue
28
Discuss Chagas’ disease (aka American trypanosomiasis)
- spread by kissing bugs that feed from mucous membranes/spread parasites in there faeces - cold/flu like symptoms - parasites may become dormant for 10/20 years - immune response over this period of time will eventually destroy infected tissues/organs - megacolon - cardiomegaly
29
Discuss leishmaniasis.
- parasitic cause, transmitted by sandflies - may cause skin or visceral disease, can also attack mucosal membranes - treated with antimony
30
Discuss cholera.
- caused by vibrio cholerae - too much water excreted so can kill very quickly - can be treated with oral rehydration salts - preventable by proper sanitation
31
List some water and food borne diseases.
- cholera - salmonella - e.coli - shigella - enterovirus - giardiasis - amoebiasis - cryptosporidiosis
32
Discuss schistosomiasis.
- water borne - parasitic worm - Praziquantel drugs kill parasite
33
Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with MRSA
- gram positive - coccus - skin, wound infections, blood
34
Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with clostridium difficile.
- gram positive - bacillus - antibiotic associated diarrhoea
35
Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- gram negative - bacillus - respiratory, immunocompromised
36
Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- neither gram +ve/-ve - acid fast staining - bacillus - pulmonary TB but can affect anywhere in the body
37
Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with bordetella pertussis.
- gram negative - cocco-bacillus - whooping cough
38
What are PAMPs and DAMPs made up of and what is there function?
- pathogen associated molecular patterns or damaged tissue associated molecular patters - function is to interact with pattern recognition receptors
39
What is the complement cascade made up of and what is its function?
- plasma proteins - function: 1. Opsonise bacteria for phagocytosis 2. Attract more phagocytic cells 3. Directly kill bacteria
40
Give an example of a chemokine and its function.
- iL-8 | - attract neutrophils
41
Give examples of cytokines and their function.
- iL-1, iL-6, TNF-a | - vascular permeability
42
What is histamine and what does it do?
An inflammatory mediator that increases vascular permeability.
43
How does the immune system respond to bacterial infections?
- complement cascades - phagocytosis (opsonisation, antigen presentation via MHC II, Th1 or Th2) - cell mediated (Th2, IFN-y stimulates killing mechanisms)

Summative Revision (4 decks)

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