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PIMS - Embalming 1 > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

a substance consisting of two or more elements combined chemically in definite proportions by mass
-pure substance

A

compound

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2
Q

when two or more elements combine to form a molecule, they always combine in a fixed or definite proportion by mass

A

law of definite proportions

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3
Q

a combination of 2 or more substances not chemically united and that exist in no fixed proportions to each other

-2 or more substances whose identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and colloids

A

mixture

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4
Q

composition is uniform and every part of the solution has the same properties

A

homogenous mixture

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5
Q

components are not uniform throughout

A

heterogeneous mixture

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6
Q

can be an acid or a base

  • extremely stable in temperature extremes
  • universal solvent
A

amphoteric

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7
Q

physical properties of water (9)

A
  1. colorless, odorless, tasteless
  2. atomic mass of 18 amu
  3. covalent bonds
  4. bonds are bent
  5. high miscibility (mix well) with polar organic liquids
  6. high boiling point
  7. higher melting point, heat of fusion, and heat of vaporization
  8. solid form is less dense than liquid form
  9. high surface tension
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8
Q

chemical properties of water (3)

A
  1. amphoteric
  2. thermally stable
  3. can form hydrates and take part in hydrolysis reactions
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9
Q

separation of electrical charge

  • hydrogen bond
  • very strong bond
A

polarity

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10
Q

a hydrogen bond is also known as

A

bond

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11
Q

inorganic salts with water molecules combined into their structure in a definite ratio

A

hydrates

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12
Q

any group of substances that result from the reaction between acids and bases other than water
-form aesthetically pleasing solid crystals

A

salt

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13
Q

molecules trapped inside the hydrate

A

water of hydration

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14
Q

a substance that tends to absorb moisture from the environment

A

hygroscopic

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15
Q

the tendency to become a liquid upon standing

A

deliquescence

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16
Q

hydrated crystalline compounds that may spontaneously give up their water over time and become powders

A

efflorescence

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17
Q

a hydrate that has lost its water

A

anhydride

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18
Q

substance that does not contain any water

A

anhydrous

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19
Q

water is split and becomes part of the new product compounds

A

hydrolysis

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20
Q

high in minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron)

A

hard water

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21
Q

contains no minerals but does contain ions (sodium)

A

soft water

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22
Q

due to the presence of bicarbonate salts of calcium and magnesium (can be boiled to make salts insoluble)

A

temporary hardness

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23
Q

caused by sulfate and chloride salts of magnesium and calcium (must be treated)

A

permanent hardness

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24
Q

water solutions are also called

A

aqueous solutions

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25
substance that does the dissolving (vehicle, most volume)
solvent
26
substance that gets dissolved (least volume)
solute
27
solute + solvent
solution
28
the amount of solute that will dissolve in a specified amount of solvent
solubility
29
able to be dissolved
soluble
30
unable to be dissolved
insoluble
31
two liquids that form a homogenous mixture
miscible
32
two liquids that don't mix | -polar solutes dissolve polar solvents and vice versa
immiscible
33
- solubility depends on the physical and chemical properties of the solution - do not have to be liquid - solubiltity ranges from fully miscible to poorly soluble
solutions
34
- influence by degree of mixing, size of the particles, temperature - process of dissolving may be endo or exothermic
process of dissolving
35
qualititative terms (5)
1. concentrated 2. dilute 3. supersaturated 4. saturated 5. unsaturated
36
contains a large amount of solute
concentrated
37
contains a small amount of solute
dilute
38
solution contains MORE of the solute than it is able to hold
supersaturated
39
solution contains ONLY the amount of solute that it is able to hold
saturated
40
solution that has not yet reached the saturation point
unsaturated
41
quantitative terms (4)
1. weight percentage (g/ml) 2. ration (solute: solution) 3. parts per million 4. formaldehyde index
42
the amount of pure formaldehyde gas present in 100ml of fluid
formaldehyde index
43
properties of solutions (3)
1. diffusion 2. osmosis 3. osmotic pressure
44
particles naturally move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
diffusion
45
diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
46
pressure applied to the solution with the higher solute concentration
osmotic pressure
47
properties of concentration (3)
1. isotonic 2. hypertonic 3. hypotonic
48
two solutions of equal concentration
isotonic
49
more concentrated than isotonic
hypertonic
50
less concentrated than isotonic
hyptonic
51
types of solutions (3)
1. crystalloid 2. colloid 3. suspension
52
a solute that can pass through a member | -particles <1 nanometer
crystalloid
53
a solute that can pass through filters but not membranes | -particles 1-100 nanometers
colloid
54
a solute that will not pass through filters or membranes | -particles >100 nanometers
suspension
55
embalming application (4)
1. RBC membranes are semipermeable 2. consider RBC in a hypertonic vs. hypotonic solution 3. dehydrated cases 4. edematous cases
56
substances that yield hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution
acids
57
substances that yield hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution | -highly regulated substances in biological systems
bases
58
pH shifts from ____ > ____ > _____ when a person dies | -acids, bases, and salts use water as their vehicles
basic > acidic > basic
59
any compound that can act as both an acid and a base in an aqueous solution - water acts as base in the presence of acid - water acts as an acid in the presence of a base - when water molecules collide with enough force, a positive hydrogen ion can be formed
amphoterism
60
Acid produces a hydrogen ion H+ in aqueous solutions.... what results? (4)
1. acids taste sour 2. acids turn litmus paper red 3. acids can exist as solids, liquids, and gases 4. classified as strong, medium, or weak
61
bases produce a hydroxide ion (OH-) in aqueous solutions (3)
1. strength of aqueous bases is determined by the percent of dissociation into positive ions and hydroxide ions 2. strong bases usually dissociate in water and weak bases only partially dissociate 3. some strong bases are referred to as caustic which means they are corrosive 4. water solutions of bases may be referred to as "alkaline" 5. titter taste 6. bases turn litmus paper blue 7. solutions of bases feel slippery or soapy 8. bases generally exist as a moist or oily solid
62
acids react with bases to form a water and a salt - base neutralizes the acid - driving force is the formation of water
neutralization
63
- an acid is anything that accepts a pair of electrons | - a base is anything that donates a pair of electrons
lewis theory
64
the concentration of acid of H+ in an aqueous solution | -power or potential of hydrogen
pH
65
runs from 0-14 - pH less than 7 is acidic - pH of 7 is neutral - pH higher than 7 is a basic
pH scale
66
- cellular metabolism continues after death - kindeys no longer work, creating an excess of metabolites. post mortem pH shift
Basic > Acidic
67
post mortem pH shift - proteins break down - nitrogen is released into the body
Acidic > basic
68
Embalming chemicals function best in their optimal pH range pH and embalming
formaldehyde 7.3-7.5 | Glutaraldehyde 7.3-9.0
69
substances capable of maintaining a constant pH by neutralizing both acids and bases -composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid
buffer
70
any group of substances that result from the reaction between acids and bases other than water
salt
71
produce an acidic solution (still contain a portion of their H+)
acid salt
72
product of incomplete neutralization of a strong base and a weak acid
basic salt
73
all replaceable hydrogen components of an acids are replaced by a metal
normal salt
74
salt characteristics (2)
1. ionic | 2. ionization
75
salts dissociate into positive and negative ions
ionic
76
the dissociating of a substance into charged atoms or groups of atoms -presence of ions allows for conduction of electricity
ionization

PIMS - Embalming 1 (8 decks)

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