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Biology 152 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

What are the levels of organization

A

(1) organism, (2) system, (3) organ, (4) tissue, (5) cell, (6) organelle, (7) macromolecule, (8) molecule,( 9) atom

(large to small)

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2
Q

what is three main types of cell-cell connection?

A

tight junctions
- “leak-proof” barrier

desmosomes
- “sticky” glycoproteins, stick cells together

gap junctions
- protein channels, allow communication between cells

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3
Q

what are the 4 tissue types

A

epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective

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4
Q

explain secondary active transport

A

uses one concentration gradient as energy source for transport of something else

cotransport or symport- to go in same direction

counter-transport or anitport- to go in when other goes out

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5
Q

explain osmosis

A

diffusion of water down its concentration gradient (passive transport)

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6
Q

explain facilitated diffusion

A

Large water soluble molecules that use carrier protein (passive transport)

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7
Q

explain simple diffusion

A

When small lipid soluble molecules can pass through gaps in the phospholipid bilayer or small water soluble may diffuse through channel proteins (passive transport)

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8
Q

what are the 2 main transport types and describe them

A

Passive (diffusion)
- no energy required
- movement down concentration gradient
- eg.simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Active
- requires energy
- movement against concentration gradient
- “typical” (across membrane) or exocytosis and endocytosis (vesicular transport)

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9
Q

what is a gradient?

A

A full difference between two adjoining regions higher in one area and lower and another

Relates to the movement across a membrane

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10
Q

what is diffusion?

A

net movement down a concentration gradient

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11
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

a type of vesicular transport that migrates to cells membrane and fuses to expel contents

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12
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

a type of vesicular transport

there is phagocytosis (solid particle engulfed) pinocytosis (dissolved particles engulfed e.g. liquid) and receptor mediated endocytosis which is specific

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13
Q

explain primary active transport

A
  • can go against concentration gradient
  • Na+ out K+ in ( sodium-potassium pump)
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14
Q

describe muscle tissue

A
  • can contract and is responsible for movement
  • three types are CARDIAC (striated, one nucleus/cell, under involuntary control), SMOOTH (not striated,one nucleus/ cell , under involuntary control) and SKELETAL (striated, many nuclei/cell, under voluntary control)

location: heart, attached to bones, hollow visceral organs

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15
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

able to conduction action potential (an electrical signal)
made up of neurons (nerve cells) plus neuroglia (support cells)

Location: spinal cord, brain, nerves

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16
Q

describe epithelial tissue

A

location: lining chambers, tubes and surfaces

characteristics: little extra cellular matrix, has connective tissue under, nutrients from diffusion, replaces itself

functions: absorb and secrete, protection, barrier

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17
Q

Describe connective tissue

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A

supports, protects, gives structure, stores fat
types are CT proper (loose and dense), CT fluid, (blood and lymph) CT supporting (bone and cartilage)

18
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

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A

structure: Single, cube shaped, may have cilia or micro villi

function: secrete and absorb

location: in kidney tubules, thyroid gland, salivary gland

19
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

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A

Structure: single, thin layer of flat cells

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. (Reduces distance and time of diffusion

Location: lining of lung aveoli and capilaries, lining of heart, blood vessels

20
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

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A

Structure: one layer, tall cells

Function: Absorption; secretion of in tubes and across large surfaces

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), Eg. Intestines

21
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

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A

Structure: Many layers of cells, apical cells appear flat: nuclei visible in apical layer non keratinized

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: skin, lining of mouth, throat,esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina

22
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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A

Structure: Many layers, cube shaped spherical nuclei

Function: secretion and absorption in ducts and tubes

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface. Eg. Salivary gland, thyroid gland

23
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

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A

Structure: many layers tall (apical)

Function: Protect and secrete

Location: male urethra, some ducks, larynx (only portions)

24
Q

Transitional epithelium

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A

Structure: multiple layers, appear puffy and cuboidal when relaxed but flat when stretched (cuboidal to Sqaumaous)

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

25
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Structure: some looks layered but all cells contact basement membrane; nuclei do not line up neatly Function: protects, secretes and moves material through passageways Location: Lines nasal cavity, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
26
Explain endocrine glands
They are ductless and produce hormones
27
Explain exocrine glands
Release secretions on body surface or body cavities Unicellular: produce mucin, protect and lubricate Multicellular: many types, made up of duct and secretory portion
28
Describe multicellular exocrine glands
Simple: duct no branches Compound: branched duct tubular or acinar Modes of secretion: Merocrine- AKA. Eccrine exocytosis (cells are not altered) Eg. Sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas Holocrine- acucumulate to rupture, while cell reaplaced Eg. Oil glands Apocrine- accumulate to pinch off Eg. Not sure if in humans
29
Types of Connective tissue
Location: everywhere types: CT proper – Areolar, adipose,reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic. Supporting CT - cartilage, bone Fluid CT - Blood, lymph
30
Three main elements of connective tissue
Ground substance: “space filler” fluid helps connective tissue stick (part of ECM) Fibres: Collagen (most abundant, strong) , elastic (long and thin, elastin proteins), reticular (shorter, sign, branch, support) Cells: Can secrete the fibres and ground substance
31
Areolar tissue
CT proper: loose Structure: gel like, three fibre types function: cushions, holds body fluid, helps to fight infection (houses macrophages) location: around most organs and get pillories e.g.Under dermis, digestive tract
32
Adipose tissue
CT proper: loose structure: adipocytes closely packed with large fat droplets function: stores energy, insulation, supports and protects location: under skin, around eyes, breast, butt
33
Reticular tissue
CT proper: loose structure: network of reticular fibres function: provide “skeleton” to support other cell types location: lymphoid organs e.g. spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
34
Dense regular tissue
CTproper: dense Structure: Parallel collagen fibers; some elastin Fibroblast = main cell type Location: tendons, most ligaments Function: provides very high tensile strength when pulled in one direction
35
Dense Irregular tissue
CT proper: dense Structure: Irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastin Fibroblast = main cell type Location: in dermis of skin, submucosa of gut, fibrous capsules of joints, etc. Function: can withstand pulling in many directions (not just one)
36
Elastic tissue
CT proper: dense structure: Similar to dense regular or irregular CT, but with LOTS of elastic fibers Location: supporting ligaments in spinal column and penis, plus transitional epithelium Also in walls of some large blood vessels (e.g., aorta) Function: Strong, but also allows for flexibility (stretch and recoil)
37
Blood
Fluid CT Structure: Many types of blood cells, surrounded by a fluid matrix (plasma) Functions: Transport of nutrients, wastes, etc. Also: lymph (another type of fluid CT)
38
Hyaline cartilage Connective tissue
Structure: EYES, lots of collagen Functions: support, cushioning Example locations: embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones (=articular cartilages), costal cartilages of ribs; also in parts of your nose, trachea, and larynx
39
Elastic Cartilage connective tissue
Structure:Similar to hyaline cartilage, but with more elastic fibers Function: Can hold its shape and be very flexible location: In your external ear and your epiglottis
40
Fibrocatilage connective tissue (fibrous)
Structure: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix is less firm Lots of collagen fibers; different arrangement than in hyaline cartilage Function: Good for absorbing shock. Location: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee joint
41
Compact bone connective tissue
Structure: Hardness (mineralized matrix) to resist compression stress,many collagen fibres Function: provide support and protection Location: diaphysis of long bones/ surfaces
42
Spongy bone connective tissue
Structure: strong, mineralize fibres with spaces for bone marrow Function: with stand stress from many directions, red s is a way of skeleton and forms framework,develops blood cells in bone marrow Location: forms happy faces of long bones and inside flat irregular bones

Biology 152 (4 decks)

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