Week 2

Question 1

What does x̄ represent

Answer 1

Sample mean of x

Question 2

What does μ represent

Answer 2

Population mean

Question 3

How to make a mean deviation

Answer 3

square the deviations, add them, divide by the mean, and square root the value

Question 4

What does σ represent

Answer 4

standard deviation of the population

Question 5

What does s represent

Answer 5

The standard deviaton of a sample

Question 6

Difference between population deviation and standard deviation

Answer 6

Check notes

Question 7

What is descriptive research?

Answer 7

Data collection that tries not to interfere while describing the characteristics of a phenomenon

Question 8

What is correlational research

Answer 8

A research idea that looks for relationships between variables using descriptive research methods to obtain data

Question 9

What is experimental research

Answer 9

A research that manipulates variables in a controlled manner to isolate causes of phenomona

Question 10

What is naturalistic observation

Answer 10

Recording behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

-cant make casual referenses
-has high external validity
-Observation can effect behaviour

Question 11

What is external validity

Answer 11

The extent to which we can generalize finding to real-world settings

Question 12

What is a case study

Answer 12

A research design that examines one (or a few) person(s) in depth over an extended amount of time

-highly subjective
-can’t establish causation
-provides info that can’t be studied in the lab
-prone to biases

Question 13

What do surveys and self reports do

Answer 13

Makes easy to collect large amounts of data however does not establish causation between variables

Question 14

Disadvantges of surveys

Answer 14

-Responses are heavily influenced by wording
The assumption that the person has the isight into their own personality characteristic and they are reporting honestly
Does not establish causation

Question 15

What is positive impression management

Answer 15

Trying to make ourselves look better

Question 16

Malingering

Answer 16

Tendency to make ourselves look more psychologically disturbed to acheive a goal

Question 17

What is random sampling

Answer 17

A procedure to ensure every person has an equal chance of being chosen

Question 18

What is test-retest reliability

Answer 18

When a test is re-administered it should produce the same result as when it was administered the first time

Question 19

What is interobserver (interrater reliability) reliability

Answer 19

Two or more people using the same test should arrive at the same conclusion

Question 20

What is a correlational design

Answer 20

Can be used to explore the relationship between variables in psychology, but it is important to keep in mind that correlation does not equal causation.

Question 21

What is an Illusory Correlation

Answer 21

Perception of statistical association when none exists

Question 22

Confirmation Bias

Answer 22

The tendency to seek info that supports hypothesis while ignoring contradicting evidence

Question 23

Availability Heuristic

Answer 23

When you estimate the likelihood of an occurence based on ease to which it comes to mind

Question 24

Problems in experimental design

Answer 24

• Random assignment not used
• Confounding variable
• Subjects not blinded (placebo or nocebo)
• Demand characteristics

Question 25

What is the experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 25

A phenomenon in which a researchers hypotheses lead them to biased outcomes

Question 26

Who challenged Clever Hans the horse

Answer 26

Oscar Fungst

Question 27

What are demand characteristics

Answer 27

Cues that help participants pick up that help support the researchers hypotheses

Question 28

What was the little albert experiment and who did it

Answer 28

By conditioning a 9 month old baby to be scared of animals by making loud noises whenever it saw on animal

Question 29

What was the monster study

Answer 29

Recruited orphans, gave one group good feedback on speech and the other poor feedback

Question 30

What was the milgram experiment

Answer 30

The experimenter told the teacher various phrases in order to see how they would react and had them shock the patients if they got something wrong. Concluded that subjects would respond to authority

Question 31

What was the bystander effect

Answer 31

Placing college student volunteers on the phone with somebody saying they needed help and found that students took longer to help with the more people within the conversation

Question 32

What was the stanford experiment

Answer 32

Simulated prison environment, concluded that subjects absorbed the roles that they were given, making them more submissive or dominant.

Question 33

Who controls the safety and ethics of research

Answer 33

Research Ethics Board

Question 34

The (REB) has to do what

Answer 34

Weigh the potential long term benefits with the possible risk it contains

Question 35

What are the risks that the REB weighs out

Answer 35

* Psychological harm * Physical harm * Protection of personal info

Question 36

What is informed consent

Answer 36

The procedure of informing the volunteer about the parameters of the study and obtaining their consent without pressure

Question 37

Deception

Answer 37

Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

Question 38

What has been a crucial aspect to research

Answer 38

Animal research

Question 39

What is the Nuremberg Code

Answer 39

A set of ethical principles that was established in relation to human research

Question 40

Three R's of non-human research

Answer 40

* Replacement: refers to methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in which they are not necessary * Reduction: Refers to any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used * Refinement: Refers to the modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to offset trauma

Question 41

What is descriptive research

Answer 41

Data collection that tries not to interfere with how data arises in the real world

Question 42

What is correlational research

Answer 42

research that looks for the relationship between variables

Question 43

What are the two research branches of observational research

Answer 43

* Correlational (uses descriptive) * Descriptive

Question 44

What are case studies useful for

Answer 44

Proof that certain phenomonas are capable of occuring

Question 45

What do case studies typically rely on

Answer 45

* Interviews * Recollections | (prone to biases)