Week 2

Question 1

Sensory nerves come from this

Answer 1

Dorsal spinal cord

Question 2

Motor nerves come from this

Answer 2

Ventral spinal cord

Question 3

Lower body damage

Answer 3

Paraplegic

Question 4

Upper body damage

Answer 4

Quadriplegic

Question 5

Involved in regulating for critical bodily states related to survival (fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproduction) with two divisions.

Answer 5

Autonomic nervous system

Question 6

Rest and digest. Calms body to conserve and maintain energy. Releases acetylcholine. Decreases heart rate and blood pressure. Stimulates digestion.

Answer 6

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Fight or flight. Releases adrenaline and norepinephrine. Increases heart rate and blood pressure. Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles. inhibits digestion. acts via the sympathetic chain ganglia to ensure these functions occur simultaneously

Answer 7

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 8

Composed primarily of cell somas. Collections of cell bodies= ganglia in the PNS, but are called nuclei in the CNS.

Answer 8

Gray matter

Question 9

Composed primarily of axons, covered in white myelin. Bundles of axons in the CNS are called tracts.

Answer 9

White matter

Question 10

Information moving toward the central nervous system from sensory receptors

Answer 10

Afferent/ascending (sensory)

Question 11

Information moves away from the central nervous system to muscles and organs

Answer 11

Efferent/descending (motor)

Question 12

Unconscious, life-sustaining functions. Cranial nerve nuclei. Breathing, respiration, heart rhythms, digestion. Area postrema (blood brain barrier permeability and vomiting)

Answer 12

Medulla

Question 13

“ Bridge.” connects the forebrain and cerebellum-“ relay”. Nuclei that controls, sleep, posture, breathing, swallowing, balance, walking. Locked-in syndrome.

Answer 13

Pons

Question 14

Cortical functions preserved. Patient completely paralyzed except eyes. Caused by blocking blood supply or degeneration in the pons.

Answer 14

Locked-in syndrome

Question 15

Has some nuclei essential to motor function, vision, hearing, sleep, and wakefulness, temperature regulation. Many nerve fibers passed through here between higher brain regions and spinal cord.

Answer 15

Midbrain

Question 16

“ little brain.” important for balance, motor, learning, and motor error correction, sports complex improvements. “ automating” behaviors. sensitive to effects of alcohol (sobriety tests)

Answer 16

Cerebellum

Question 17

“ switchboard of the brain.” first stop for sensory information coming from the body. All sensory input passes through this on its way to the cortex from the periphery. Different nuclei for different sensory systems. Arousal, consciousness. First to “turn on” when awaking, coming out of anesthesia. “Seat of consciousness”

Answer 17

Thalamus

Question 18

Found underneath the thalamus. Many different sub regions. Often considered part of the limbic system. Controls autonomic nervous system. Emotional response, food, intake, water, balance, sleep, cycles, reproductive behavior. Attached to the pituitary gland.

Answer 18

Hypothalamus

Question 19

Collection of forebrain structure is that participate in emotional behavior and learning

Answer 19

The limbic system

Question 20

Information from the limbic system travels through here to other cortical areas. Physical pain and social/emotional pain, empathy, anticipation of reward, or pain.

Answer 20

Cingulate gyrus

Question 21

Also part of the temporal lobe. Important for converting short-term memories into long-term memories. Plays a role in special information, processing, forming and storing new memories, stress response (turns it off), emotional regulation (ventral part of this and anxiety)

Answer 21

Hippocampus

Question 22

Important for making associations between different stimuli. Aggression, fear, social behavior. Influences emotional valance of stimuli (recognition of emotional faces)

Answer 22

Amygdala

Question 23

Involved in suppression of unwanted, motor activity and control movement. Habit learning and compulsive behaviors (OCD, Tourette’s). Movement disorders (Parkinson’s, Huntington’s)

Answer 23

The basal ganglia

Question 24

Central (vertical), lateral (horizontal), parieto-occipital (horizontal–back) sulcus. Mammals show particular expansion of this, and the cerebellum compared to other families, such as fish.

Answer 24

Neocortex

Question 25

Gyrus, sulcus, fissures, hemispheres, 6 different layers

Answer 25

Features of the cortex

Question 26

Frontal, temporal, perietal, occipital

Answer 26

Lobes of the cortex

Question 27

Forward most part of the cerebral cortex. Contains primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, brocas area. Roles in motor function, language, memory, many “ advanced” functions.

Answer 27

Frontal lobe

Question 28

Frontal lobe region that separates precentral gyrus from postcentral gyrus

Answer 28

Central sulcus

Question 29

Frontal lobe region that contains primary motor cortex and controls voluntary body movement

Answer 29

Precentral gyrus

Question 30

Functions include: planning, and organization, attention, decision, making, impulse control. Phineas Gage. implicated in a number of cycle pathologies (schizophrenia, ADHD, sociopaths)

Answer 30

Prefrontal cortex

Question 31

Primary somatosensory cortex, association cortex. Specialized for skin senses, and senses that inform us about body position and movement, spatial perception.

Answer 31

Parietal lobe

Question 32

Areas capable of integrating sensory input with motor output

Answer 32

Association cortex

Question 33

Frontal lobe region that contains primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 33

Postcentral gyrus

Question 34

Primary auditory cortex, visual and auditory association areas, additional language areas. Limbic cortex, and cortex associated with hippocampus.

Answer 34

Temporal lobe

Question 35

Contains primary visual cortex

Answer 35

Occipital lobe

Question 36

Where visual information is processed

Answer 36

Primary visual cortex

Question 37

Reticularist doctrine

Answer 37

Golgi

Question 38

Neuron doctrine

Answer 38

Cajal

Question 39

Non-neuronal. Provides physical and functional support to neurons. May have many important, clinical implications. Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

Answer 39

Glia

Question 40

Structural, and nutritional support for neurons. Part of the blood brain barrier.

Answer 40

Astrocytes

Question 41

Selectively, permeable barrier between brain and blood supply. Protects brain from many pathogens and molecules entering, including most pharmaceutical drugs. Formed by endothelial cells and astrocyte-end feet.

Answer 41

Blood brain barrier

Question 42

More likely to cross the blood brain barrier and enter target cells

Answer 42

Small, uncharged and lipid soluble molecules

Question 43

Less likely to cross the blood brain barrier and reach the target cells

Answer 43

Large, charged or lipid in soluble molecules

Question 44

Insulates glia. Holds oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS, regrow damaged axons)

Answer 44

Myelin

Question 45

Immune cells of the brain. Senses, molecules associated with cellular damage and digest the debris.” the brains, garbage collectors.” synaptic regulation, involved in repairing brain, following trauma, clearing debris, pathogens, etc..

Answer 45

Microglia

Question 46

Main functional unit of the nervous system. Specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electro chemical signals. Goes into dendrites, and comes out through axon terminals. (unipolar, bipolar, multi polar.)

Answer 46

Neurons

Question 47

Defined the boundary of cells. Intracellular/extracellular. Double layer of lipid molecules. Contains protein molecules (receptors, channels, transporters)

Answer 47

Cell membrane

Question 48

Containes nucleus and cytoplasm. Provides metabolic (energy ) and synthetic (protein) support. Acts to “ gate” information flow to, and from other neurons. Integrate signals from many sources of input (integration zone)

Answer 48

The cell/soma

Question 49

___ tree. Collection of these from a single neuron. receives input from other neurons. Inputs may number in the thousands.

Answer 49

Dendrites

Question 50

Contact point between axon and dendrite at excitatory synapse. Sensitive to the type and amount of synaptic activity. Many different shapes and sizes, changes over time. External and internal factors influence spine morphology, and density.

Answer 50

Dendritic spines

Question 51

Merges with cell body. Conducts action potentials. Branches to form __ collaterals. Vary in length, depending on where projecting to.

Answer 51

Axon

Question 52

Unmyelinated gap in axon membrane. Ions move through channels only at this area is ion channels located there (like gates). Speed up conduction of action potential.

Answer 52

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 53

Action potential “ hops” down the axon

Answer 53

Saltatory conduction

Question 54

Branches that arise from axon

Answer 54

Collaterals

Question 55

Swelling at the end of an axon collateral. Contains synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters.

Answer 55

Terminal

Question 56

Junction between the axon terminal, and the somatic or dendritic membrane of another neuron. Three principal components, pre___, post__, and cleft.

Answer 56

The synapse

Question 57

Specialized area, where a presynaptic Bouton meets the ___cell

Answer 57

Postsynaptic density

Question 58

Carries information from body to brain and spinal cord

Answer 58

Sensory neuron

Question 59

Connect one neuron to another in the brain or spinal cord

Answer 59

Interneuron

Question 60

Carries information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs

Answer 60

Motor neuron

Question 61

Depends on electrical potential created by ions flow. This begins with the resting potential.

Answer 61

Neural communication

Question 62

Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Moves molecules along a concentration gradient.

Answer 62

Chemical Diffusion

Question 63

Like charges, repel, opposites attract. Balance charges are neutral. Separation of charged by a membrane produces an electrical potential across the membrane. This is measured as voltage.

Answer 63

Electrical force

Question 64

The four key ions

Answer 64

Potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride

Question 65

Gated/binding by a ligand or a change in voltage to open or close. Proteins embedded in the cell membrane/central pore traverses the membrane. Central pore is selective.

Answer 65

Ion channels

Question 66

Protein machines that use energy to move ions against a concentration gradient

Answer 66

Ion pumps

Question 67

Large protein in bedded in cell membrane. Pumps three sodium ions out for every two potassium ions. It pumps in. Energy dependent/requires ATP. Uses 20 to 40% of the brains total energy consumption. Maintains the difference in ion concentration between the inside and outside of neurons.

Answer 67

Sodium potassium pump