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Cultural Psychology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is socialization?

A

Learning the rules and patterns of a culture in an explicit way

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2
Q

What is enculturation?

A

Learning the ways and manners of a culture in an implicit way

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3
Q

What does Bronfenbrenner’s theory of ecological systems describe?

A

All people exist in 5 systems: micro, meso, exo, macro and chrono system. All these systems influence each other and the person

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4
Q

What are parental ethnotheories?

A

How parents think children should be brought up and how they are supposed to develop

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5
Q

What three temperaments can a child have?

A

Easy, difficult and slow to warm up

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6
Q

Is there an ideal temperament?

A

Not universally. In some cultures it might be adaptive for a child to be difficult to make sure they don’t get neglected

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7
Q

What bias exists in studies about parental sensitivity?

A

Being sensitive to your child’s needs might not mean the same in every culture

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8
Q

What does the modernization theory describe?

A

The idea that with modernization, societies will move toward a Western pattern of living and thinking

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9
Q

What did Kagiticibasi find in the value of children study?

A

Why parents choose to have children. For psychological or economic/utilitarian purposes. Having children for psychological reasons is mostly for WEIRD persons

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10
Q

Where is an interdependent family most common?

A

In a rural agrarian society

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11
Q

Where is an independent family most common?

A

In Western middle class society

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12
Q

Where is psychological independence (autonomous related) most common?

A

In urban or educated contexts within collectivist societies

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13
Q

What are the 4 Baumrind parenting styles, and what do they mean?

A

Authoritarian, high control and low responsiveness
Authoritative, high control and high responsiveness
Neglectful, low control and low responsiveness
Permissive, low control and extremely responsive

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14
Q

Which parenting style is considered to be optimal?

A

Authoritativestyle is ideal in individualistic societies
In collectivist societies an authoritarian found to be most positive

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15
Q

What is the self?

A

Cognitive representation about who you are and why you do certain things

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16
Q

What are two ways to view yourself?

A

As an independent entity, or as an interdependent person who is connected with everyone around you

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17
Q

How do you measure if a person has an independent or interdependent view of self?

A

Inclusion of other in self scale
The 20 statement test (only valid for independent people)

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18
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

An evaluation you make of yourself

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19
Q

What is self-effacement? Where is this most common?

A

The tendency to downplay your skills. Most common in collectivist cultures as they assume others to be better at things, while individualistic people tend to overestimate themselves and have a sense of false uniqueness

20
Q

What is a social identity?

A

A self-concept you derive from your knowledge and membership of a group, and how emotionally significant that group is for you

21
Q

What are partial identities?

A

Context-specific identities, because you belong to multiple categories

22
Q

What is identity mistrial/misrecognition effect?

A

When you are not recognized by the group as a member, but you do identify yourself with the group

23
Q

What is priming?

A

Activating the brain through associations

24
Q

What is the difference between temporary and chronic construct accessibility?

A

Chronic construct accessibility is when a construct is present through all domains of life, in stead of just for a brief period of time

25
Q

Why is priming important for studying culture?

A

Bicultural people can be primed to think more like one of the cultures

26
Q

Describe the different systems in Bronfenbrenner’s theory

A

The micro system is someones immediate surroundings
The meso system is the linkages between microsystems
The exo system is the context that indirectly affects children (like their parents work)
The macro system is the bigger picture, like culture and religion
The chrono system is the time you live in

27
Q

What does the theory of Bronfenbrenner imply?

A

Children are not passive recipients of socialization, because they influence their own development by interacting with others. Understanding how a child develops can only be achieved by considering their environment

28
Q

How does culture influence sleeping arrangements for infants?

A

Poor people are more likely to report co-sleeping

29
Q

What is a postfigurative culture?

A

A culture in which change is slow and socialization occurs mainly though older generations

30
Q

What is a cofigurative culture?

A

A culture in which change is so fast that older and younger generations socialize each other

31
Q

What is a prefigurative culture?

A

A culture in which change is so fast that younger generations are the ones teaching the adults

32
Q

How are culture and the educational system related?

A

What is taught in schools reflects what a culture believes is important to learn. School is also the most formalized mechanism of socialization

33
Q

What is the idea of developmental contextualism?

A

The idea that development is the result of an interactoin between children and their environment. The child influences their environment but the environment also influences the child

34
Q

Which dimensions influence temperament?

A

Smiling, fear, distress to limitations, soothability and duration of orienting

35
Q

What is behavioral inhibition?

A

When a child shows discomfort or distress when confronted with new or challenging situations

36
Q

What is attachment and why is it adaptive?

A

It is a special bond between an infant and their primary caregivers. It is adaptive because if an infant and caregiver want to stay close to each other, the child is protected and comforted

37
Q

What did Bowly propose regarding attachment?

A

Children are preprogrammed to become attached to their caregivers

38
Q

What 3 attachment styles did Ainsworth describe?

A

Secure, responsive to caregiver
Ambivalent, uncertain in response to caregiver
Avoidant, child is not distressed when the caregiver leaves and comes back

39
Q

Why may the Stange Situation test not be cross-culturally valid?

A

The meaning of separation from a mother may mean different things for an infant. (some might be used to it)

40
Q

What stages of cognitive development did Piaget describe?

A

Sensimotor stage
Preoperational stage, children use symbols
Operational stage, children can logically think about concrete objects
Formal operational stage, individual can logically think about abstract concepts

41
Q

What are assimilation and accomodation?

A

Assimilation is fitting new ideas into preexisting understanding of the world
Accomodation is changing your understanding of the world to accomodate ideas that conflict with existing concepts

42
Q

Why might Piagets theory not be cross-culturally valid?

A

People who have not attended in a Western school system perform poorly on the tests, and especially the last stage might not be universal

43
Q

What does Vygotsky’s theory of zone of proximal development entail?

A

There is a gap between the developmental level of a child and the potential the child has. With assistance the child can fulfill that potential. Social environment influences a childs development

44
Q

What are moral principles?

A

Rules that apply to everyone and cannot be changed and are based on values such as safety and well-being of humans

45
Q

What are Kohlberg’s 3 stages of moral development?

A

Preconventional, compliance to avoid punishment and gain reward
Conventional, conformity to rules that are defined by approval or rules
Postconventional, moral reasoning based on principles and conscience

Cultural Psychology (7 decks)

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