Week 2 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Name these components from largest to smallest unit:
Fascicle, Myofibril, Fiber, Sarcomere, Myofilament
A
Fascicle > Fiber > Myofibril > Myofilament > Sarcomere
2
Q
What are thick and thin filaments composed of?
A
Thick: Myosin
Thin: Actin
3
Q
Name and describe the three troponin complex components
A
Troponin T: Binds to tropomyosin and anchors troponin complex
Troponin C: Binds Ca+2
Troponin I: Binds to actin and inhibits actin-myosin interaction
4
Q
What does Dystrophin do?
A
Large protein that links laminin of the ECM to actin
5
Q
What does Destin do?
A
Intermediate filament. Forms a lattice
6
Q
What does tropomodulin do?
A
Actin-capping protein. Maintains and regulates length
7
Q
Describe the I band of a sarcomere
A
Spans between thin filament of 1 sarcomere to another, the midline includes the Z band
8
Q
Describe the A band of a sarcomere
A
Comprised of thick filament and the M line. Also includes some thin & thick filament overlap
9
Q
What the H band?
A
Comprised of only the M line and thick filament. As the sarcomere shortens, the H band shrinks
10
Q
Of the A band, H band, and I band which one stays constant length regardless of contraction state of a muscle
A
A band remains constant
11
Q
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? Name and structure/component of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that plays a significant role in muscle contraction
A
- Network mesh surrounding myofibril -Terminal cisternae
12
Q
What do terminal cisternae do? Where are they found?
A
They are the demarcation of the end of a sarcoplasmic reticulum. They release Ca+2 into the sarcoplasm via Ca+2 release channels
13
Q
Describe the composition of a triad in skeletal muscle
A
T tubule with two adjacent terminal cisternae abutting against either side of the T tubule
14
Q
What is the transverse tubular system?
A
It is an invagination of a sarcolemma that contains T tubules
15
Q
What is the purpose of a T-tubule?
A
Contain voltage-sensor proteins that are activated by sarcolemma (cell membrane) depolarization. They affect Ca+2 release channels in adjacent terminal cisternae
16
Q
What is the motor end plate?
A
Point of contact b/t two motor neuron axon & muscle fiber. Facilitates transmission of nerve impulses
17
Q
Once the Na+ depolarizes a neuromuscular junction, what are the next 5 steps for skeletal myofibril
A
1.) Depolarization spreads to T tubules 2.) Voltage sensor proteins change conformation 3.) Ca+2 release channels activated 4.) Ca+2 rapidly released from SR 5.) Ca+2 binds to Troponin C of the troponin complex 9.) Excitation coupling begins and Ca+2 returns to terminal cisternae
18
Q
What do satellite cells do in muscles?
A
Located b/t sarcolemma of a muscle fiber and its external lamina. Has a limited regenerative capacity
19
Q
Myasthenia Gravis may appear clinically with ptosis, diplopia and dysphasia. What does the condition do to the body?
A
Autoimmune disorder wherein autoantibodies block or destroy ACh receptors at the NMJ. This damages the nerves. More common in women
20
Q
What is the treatment for Myasthenia Gravis?
A
Steroids which reduce antibodies the bind to ACh receptors
21
Q
What are two known forms of Muscular Dystrophy?
A
Beckers (less severe) and Duchenne’s
22
Q
What cellular component is disrupted in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
A
Mutation of the gene which codes for dystrophin which disrupts the anchoring of cytoskeleton through the sarcolemma to the ECM
23
Q
What are the repercussions of dystrophin mutation of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
A
Sarcolemma tears during muscle contraction, Ca++ influx into the muscle cell and causes death and degeneration. This is then replaced by fatty deposits and connective tissue
24
Q
Muscular dystrophy is an ____ linked recessive disorder
A
X linked
25
Why is Becker’s Muscular dystrophy less severe version?
The dystrophin protein is produced but truncated so less muscle fibrosis occurs
26
What is the foramen magnum?
Area of transition from brain to spinal cord
27
What structure is located behind brainstem and considered “the backpack to the brainstem”
The cerebellum
28
Name the layers within the skull from outermost to innermost:
Pia, Dura, Subarachnoid space, Arachnoid space
Dura > Arachnoid > Subarachnoid space > Pia matter
29
Where does the spinal cord normally end within the vertebral column?
L2
30
Where might one find trabeculae & blood vessels and filled with CSF regarding the meningeal layers?
Would find the subarachnoid space
31
List the order of Dens, Midbrain, and Medulla that sit superior to the foramen magnum in the brain. List from most superior to inferior
Midbrain > Medulla > Dens > Foramen magnum
32
What is different about the exiting of nerve in C1-C6 compared to C7 and T1-L5
C1-C6: nerves exit superior to the vertebrae, C7: C8 Nerve exits inferior to the vertebrae, T1-L5: Nerves exit inferior to the vertebrae
33
Describe the organization of nerves as they leave the spinal cord
Nerve roots extend from the spinal cord to converge into a ganglia then split again to form spinal nerves and Rami
34
What is a dorsal root ganglion?
Sit containing cell bodies of sensory neurons that reside in the intervertebral foramina
35
What and where are denticulate ligaments
Span from the Pia in the spinal cord, pierce through the arachnoid layer and attach to dura matter to stabilize the spinal cord
36
Aside from the denticulate ligaments, what is another component of the meningeal layers in the spinal cord that aids in stabilization
Arachnoid trabecula
37
What might be found in the lumbar cistern?
Cauda equine present, Large pool of CSF
38
Where does CSF come from?
Filtered from plasma through specialized blood vessels inside the ventricular brain system m
39
Describe the flow of CSF from brain to cauda equina
1st and 2nd ventricle houses specialized vessels which form CSF. From the L & R side they drain via interventricular foramen to the 3rd ventricle. The 3rd ventricle connects to the 4th via Cerebral aqueduct and exists to the spinal cord
40
T/F: During a lumbar puncture, some blood can be present even tho normal CSF is clear
True, during the first spinal tap called a traumatic tap. But if continues, could indicate hemorrhage
41
How does glucose levels compare in the CSF to other places in the body
Glucose in the CSF should be lower
42
How does protein composition compare in the CSF to the rest of the body?
Lower in the CSF
43
How does cellular components compare in the CSF to the rest of the body
There should be few if not no cells
44
Glucose in the CSF should be a lower value compared to the rest of the body. If glucose is high what might it indicate?
Bacteria or fungi are present feeding on the glucose
45
Normally protein levels should be lower in the CSF compared to other places in the body. If protein levels are abnormally high, what might this indicate?
Presence of auto antibodies further suspect inflammation or infection
46
CSF should be clear, if it is cloudy what might this indicate? If CSF has filaments, what might this indicate?
Bacterial infection: cloudy/colored
Fungal: clear solution with filaments inside
47
What artery is found within the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery
48
What nerve travels through the suboccipital triangle for motor innervation
Suboccipital nerve
49
What is the deepest muscle of the lumbar back?
Multifidus
50
What nerve travels above obliquuis capitis inferior and rectus capitus major?
Greater occipital nerve
51
Name 5 types of resident cells in connective tissue
1.) Reticular
2.) Fibroblasts
3.) Mast Cells
4.) Macrophages
5.) Adipocytes
52
What are two types of transient cells of cells? From what do these cells arise from?
They come from hematopoietic stem cells
1.) Leukocytes
2.) Plasma cells
53
Immunoglobulins are secreted by what type of transient cell in connective tissue?
Plasma cells
54
Immunoglobulins are secreted by what type of transient cell in connective tissue?
Plasma cells
55
Extracellular matrix is composed of ________ _______________ & _______________. The ECM in its entirety are made from indications from the resident cells of connective tissue, is this true or false?
Ground substance and fibers
True
56
While Fibers may be considered part of the extracellular matrix, what type of resident cells of connective tissue synthesize the precursor for tropoelastin?
Fibroblasts
57
Deposition of elastin in the form of fibers requires the presence of a template of microfibrils of the structural glycoprotein _______________ and associated glycoproteins. Cross-links involve _______________ and ____________________________
Fibrillin
desmosine
Isodesmosine
58
Fibroblasts are not only responsible for synthesiszing components of elastin, they also aid in production of _________ & ___________.
Collagen
Myofibroblasts
59
What do myofibroblasts do?
Aid in tissue repair and wound contraction
60
The ECM of cells is partly comprised of ground substance. Three major kinds of macromolecules including: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), ________________, and __________________ __________________. What is the most well known GAG?
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins
Hylauronan (hyaluronic acid)
61
The ECM of cells is partly comprised of ground substance. Three major kinds of macromolecules including: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), ________________, and __________________ __________________. What is the most well known GAG?
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins
Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)
62
Some GAGs have__________________ proteoglycans associated with them. name 2
sulfated
Perlecan
Aggrecan
63
Laminin and fibronectin are examples of:
They bind to integrin proteins
Examples of multiadhesive glycoproteins that are constituents of the ground substance of ECM in connective tissue
64
All connective tissue originate from:
Mesoderm then embryonic mesenchyme
65
Mast cells are regarded as resident cells of connective tissue. Describe their action in the immediate hypersensitivity response.
Release histamine which can result in urticaria, allergic rhinitis, asthma and anaphylactic shock
66
Reticular cells are regarded as resident cells of connective tissue. What do they do?
Produce reticular fibers that form the netlike stroma of hematopoietic, lymphoid, and adipose tissue
67
___________________ of the connective tissue originate from resident cells. They produce cytokines, _____________________chemotactic factors, and several other molecules that participate in inflammation, _______________ processing and presentation
Macrophages
Chemotactic
Antigen
68
Which cells have secretory granules containing heparin, histamine and can display metachromasia?
Mast cells
69
Macrophages secrete matrix of metalloproteinases which are:
Endopeptidates that are involved in remodeling and chronic inflammation
70
Macrophages are involved in phagocytosis of ECM components and debris; ____________ process and presentation to immune cells, secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and other agents. To remove large foreign objects, such as splinters, macrophages may fuse to form:
Antigen
Multinuclear giant cells
71
_________________ Connective tissue forms a layer beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and fills the spaces between fibers of muscle tissues and nerves. It is also known as: _______________ tissue.
Loose
Areolar
72
1.) What type of fibers predominate in loose connective tissue?
2.) Why does this tissue have “delicate consistency”?
1.) Collagen fibers predominate, elastic and reticular fibers are also present
2.) Little ground substance
73
1.) The reticular layer of the dermis, submucosa of the gut and many organ capsules are comprised of what type of connective tissue?
2.) The collagen network within this tissue provides:
1.) Dense irregular tissue
2.) Resistance to stress from all directions
74
Why is damage to dense regular connective tissue slow?
This connective tissue is poorly vascularized
75
Dense regular tissue is comprised of ________ _____ ___________ bundles and ______________. Some examples of this tissue are _________, aponeuroses, ____________, & deep fascia
Type I Collagen bundles
Fibroblasts
Tendons
Ligaments
76
Mucoid connective is referred to as Wharton’s jelly that comprises umbilical cords. What makes it soft/“jelly” like?
Abundant ground substance with Hyaluronan (keeps water in)
77
Wharton’s jelly is comprised of what type of connective tissue? Where else might this tissue be found?
Mucoid connective tissue
Can be found in intervertebral discs’ nucleus pulposus
78
Ligamenta flava, Ligamentum nuchae, vocal ligaments, and suspensory ligament of penis are comprised of what type of connective tissue. Describe its composition
1.) Elastic connective tissue
2.) Fibers predominate most of which are elastic
79
1.) What type of connective tissue creates networks for cells to be suspended on/within.
2.) What type of cells are scattered within this type of tissue?
1.) Reticular tissue
2.) Reticular cells, lymphocytes
80
Within reticular connective tissue, little ____________ ____________ is found. It supports mobiles cells and filters body fluids and occurs mainly in _______________ tissues, such as bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
Ground substance
Hematopoietic
81
1.) What if found in high volumes of brown adipose connective tissue for its specialized role in temperature regulation?
2.) What does the uncoupling protein-1, thermogenin, do?
1.) Mitochondria
2.) It uncouples mitochondrial metabolism from production of ATP to produce heat
82
What three basic components are found in all connective tissue types?
Cells, fibers and ground substance. Of which the latter two make up the ECM
83
List the 7 types of connective tissue
1.) Loose/Areolar
2.) Dense irregular
3.) Dense regular
4.) Reticular CT
5.) Elastic CT
6.) Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue
7.) Adipose tissue
84
Write the Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
pH = pKa + Log (Conjugate Base/Weak Acid)
85
For every factor of 10 difference in [H+] proton represents a difference of ____ pH unit.
For every factor of 2 difference in [H+] proton represents a difference of _____ pH unit.
1
0.3
86
For every factor of ____ difference in [H+] proton represents a difference of 1 pH unit.
For every factor of _____ difference in [H+] proton represents a difference of 0.3 pH unit.
10
2
87
As carbon dioxide goes into solution, carbonic acid (H2CO3) is formed which then partially dissociates which:
Liberates H+ and makes the solution MORE acidic
88
As carbon dioxide leaves solution, carbonic acid (H2CO3) is used up which:
uses up H+ protons and causes the solution to become LESS acidic and INCREASES the pH
89
When pH < pKa what can you infer about the ratio of [A-]/[HA] aka CB/WA. Write the explanation
There is more weak acid compared to CB
90
When pH > pKa what can you infer about the ratio of [A-]/[HA] aka CB/WA. Write the explanation
There is more Conjugate base in solution compared to Weak acid
91
When pH = pKa what can you infer about the ratio of conjugate base to Weak acid?
They are in equilibrium
92
List the names of three biological buffers
Bicarbonate
Hydrogen peroxide
Proteins
93
What is the formula for carbonic acid?
H2CO3
94
If pKa < pH what can you infer about the protonation state of an ionizable group?
Depronated
95
If pKa > pH what can you infer about the protonate state of an ionizable group?
Protonated
96
If pH > pKa what can you infer about the protonation state of the ionizable groups?
Deprotonated
97
If pH < pKa what can you infer about the protonation state of the ionizable groups?
Protonated
98
pH < ____ is considered acidosis
7.35
99
pH > _______ is considered Alkalosis
7.45
100
pH > _______ is considered Alkalosis
7.45
101
Normal values are as follows:
pH = 7.4 +/- 0.5
[CO2] = ____ mM
P ______ = 40 mmHg
[HCO3] aka ________= 24 mM
1.2
Pressure CO2
Bicarbonate
102
For a molecule with one amine and one carboxyl group, how can one determine the isoelectric point?
pI = (pKa1+ pKa2)/ 2
103
For a molecule with 2 amines and one carboxyl group, how can we determine the isoelectric point?
pI = (pKa 2 + pKa3) / 2
104
How can we determine the isoelectric of a molecule with 2 carboxyl groups and 1 amine group?
pI = (pKa1 + pKa2) /2
105
What is the acronym for remembering essential Amino Acids?
PVT TIM HALL
106
_______________________ is an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates , edema and ulcerative dermatitis
Kwashiorkor
107
Aside from symptoms, what is a distinguishing factor between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus?
Marasmus is calorie deprivation while Kwashiorkor is protein-energy deprivation
108
__________________ is the smallest amino acid. It is a precursor for collagen and is also an inhibitory ________________________.
Glycine
Neurotransmitter
109
Which amino acids can be used for O-linked glycosylation?
Serine/Threonine & Tyrosine
110
Which amino acids can be used for N-linked glycosylation?
Asparagine
111
Phenylalanine synthesizes which other amino acid?
This A.A. is a precursor for dopamine, epinephrine, and melanin
Tyrosine
112
What is the charge of ACIDIC amino acids at PHYSIOLOGIC pH?
Negatively charged
113
What is the charge of BASIC amino acids a physiologic pH?
Positively charged
114
When considering isotonic force, describe the tension and length of the muscle
In isotonic force, the tension remains constant while the length changes for the muscle
115
When considering isometric force, describe the length and tension of the muscle
In isometric force, the tension will increase while the length will remain constant
116
Active tension is directly proportional to:
The number of myosin-actin bridges formed
117
Respiratory acidosis may be indicated by:
1.)
2.)
1.) Decreased ventilation
2.) Increased pCO2
118
Decreased ventilation and increased pCO2 (pCO2 greater than 40) would indicate:
Respiratory Acidosis
119
What is H2CO3?
Carbonic acid
an intermediate of the bicarbonate buffer system
120
What is HCO-3?
Bicarbonate ion
121
When considering the bicarbonate buffer system, is CO2 an acid or base?
Can be considered an acid since its conjugate base is HCO3
122
Metabolic Acidosis exhibits
Decreased HCO-3, bicarbonate
123
Decreased extracellular fluid HCO3- concentration of less than 24 mm and PCO2 < 40 mm Hg after partial respiratory compensation is:
Metabolic acidosis
124
Decreased extracellular fluid HCO3- concentration of less than 24 mm and PCO2 < 40 mm Hg after partial respiratory compensation is:
Metabolic acidosis
125
What is respiratory alkalosis?
Increased ventilation and decreased PCO2
126
What is metabolic alkalosis?
Increased xtracellular fluid HCO3- (bicarbonate) concentration
127
How can you determine molar concentration if only given pH
pH = - log [H+]
10 ^ (-molar concentration)
128
How can you calculate the pI of a molecule with one amine and one carboxyl group?
pI = (pKa 1 + pKa2) / 2
129
What is the inflection point on a titration curve? What does it incidate?
- It is the isoelectric point
- At what pH is the net charge of the molecule 0
- where the concentration of acid and conj. base are equal
130
How can you calculate the pI of a molecule with 1 amine and 2 carboxyl groups?
pI = (pKa1 + pKa2) / 2
131
An increase in bicarbonate ion causes:
Why?
pH to rise
According to the bicarbonate buffer system, if the log ratio of conjugate base to weak acid will rise and cause the overall pH to rise
132
What compound is the first to loose its proton when titrating a compound?
COOH will loose H+ first
133
When pH is low, what charge will the amino group have?
NH+3
Groups will be protonated
134
When pH is > 2, what groups will be deprontonated?
Carboxyl and R group are deprotonated
135
When pH < 9 which which group will be protonated?
amino group
136
What is the normal concentration of CO2?
1.2
137
What is the normal partial pressure of CO2?
40 mmHg
138
What is the normal concentration of bicarbonate? What is HCO-3?
concentration of Bicarbonate 24 mmHg
