Week 2

Question 1

Etiology

Answer 1

The casual problem of abnormal behavior

Question 2

Necessary Cause

Answer 2

a condition that must exist for a disorder to occur

Question 3

Sufficient cause

Answer 3

A condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder (for example hopelessness about one’s future causes depression but it is not the only cause

Question 4

Contributory causes

Answer 4

when a cause increases the probability of a disorder developing but it is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disorder to occur

Question 5

Distal Causal factors

Answer 5

when a causal factor occurs early in life so the effects do not show up until later in life

Question 6

Proximal Casual Factors

Answer 6

a causal factor that occurs shortly before the onset of a disorder

Question 7

Reinforcing contributory cause

Answer 7

a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occuring

Question 8

Diathesis

Answer 8

a predisposition toward developing a disorder, vulnerability that can derive from biological psychological or sociocultural causal factors

Question 9

Diathesis-Stress Models

Answer 9

a psychological theory that explains how a combination of a predisposition and stress can lead to a disorder

Question 10

Stress

Answer 10

the response or experience of an individual to demands that he or she perceives as a taxing or exceeding his or her personal resources

Question 11

Additive model

Answer 11

individuals who have a high level of diathesis may need to experience a low amount of stress before a disorder develops

Question 12

Interactive model

Answer 12

the idea that some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect `

Question 13

Protective Factors

Answer 13

influences that modify a person’s response to environmental stressors, making it less likely that the person will experience the adverse consequences of the stressors

Question 14

Resilience

Answer 14

the ability to adapt successfully to even very stressful situations`

Question 15

Genotype

Answer 15

a person’s total genetic makeup

Question 16

Phenotype

Answer 16

the observed structural and functional characteristics that result from an interaction between genotype and the environment

Question 17

Genotype-environment interaction

Answer 17

people with different genotypes may be differentially sensitive or susceptible to their environment

Question 18

What are the methods of studying Genetic influences

Answer 18

Family History
Twin method
Adoption Method
Linkage analysis
Association studies

Question 19

Family history method

Answer 19

compare incidence rate in family to rate in population

Question 20

Twin method

Answer 20

compare rates of disorders in identical twins to rates in nonidentical twins

Question 21

adoption method

Answer 21

compare adopted offspring with normal biological parents to offspring with biological parents with disorder

Question 22

Linkage analysis

Answer 22

see if family members with disorder share commonality of a trait with known genetic marker

Question 23

association studies

Answer 23

compare frequencies in population with and without disorder and compare frequencies of traits with known genetic markers

Question 24

What are the five dimensions of temperament?

Answer 24

Fearfulness
irritability and frustration
positive affect
activity level
attentional persistence and effortful control

Question 25

What are the dimensions of adult personality

Answer 25

Neuroticism or negative emotionality (fearfulness and irritability) Extraversion or positive emotionality (positive affect and activity level) Constraint (conscientiousness and agreeableness) --> (attentional persistence and effortful control

Question 26

The Law of Effect

Answer 26

Thorndike's theory that An organism behaves in a way that is instrumental in producing a reward Responses followed by satisfaction (reward) will be strengthened Responses followed by dissatisfaction (no reward or punishment) will be weakened The strength of a response is adjusted according to the response's consequences

Question 27

What are the different types of defense mechanisms

Answer 27

Displacement denial rationalization reaction formation projection repression sublimation: behaving in socially acceptable ways

Question 28

What are the stages of psychosexual development

Answer 28

oral anal phallic latency genital

Question 29

Stimulus Acquisition

Answer 29

repeated pairing a CS with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

Question 30

Stimulus extinction

Answer 30

after conditioning occurs, repeatedly showing the CS without the US will make the CR weaker and disappear

Question 31

John B Watson

Answer 31

Little albert

Question 32

How is classical conditioning important in treatment

Answer 32

helps understand where phobias come from and then being able to treat them

Question 33

Albert Ellis

Answer 33

Developed the first form of behaviorally oriented cognitive therapy called rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Question 33

Aaron Beck

Answer 33

developed a type of CBT that focuses on correcting cognitive errors and how someone sees the world and themselves

Question 34

Different types of parenting styles

Answer 34

authoritarian authoritative permissive neglectful

Question 34

Marsha Linehan

Answer 34

Developed Dialectical behavior therapy which prioritizes decreasing suicidal and self-harming behavior and increasing coping skills