Week 2 Flashcards
What determines the function of a protein
It’s structure
Where can protein structure be modified
The ER and the Golgi
Order of the Central Dogma of molecular biology
Replication, Transcription, Translation
Where does the golgi apparatus send out packaged proteins as vesicles to?
The endosome and cell exterior
Why does Golgi receive vesicles from
endosomes and secretory vesicles?
because of its central role in processing, modifying, sorting, and trafficking proteins and lipids within the cell
Co-Translational Translocation
Modification of a protein during translation
Post-translational translocation
Modification of a protein after transcription
What does this sequence do?
Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys
Import into the nucleus
What is proteolysis
the breakdown of proteins or peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes.
Type of post-translational modification (not proteolysis)
covalent addition of molecules (e.g. acetyl group, methyl group, phosphate group, sugar moieties, small peptides)
Reasons for covalent addition of molecules
to enhance/disrupt interaction with other proteins
to enhance stability or degradation
to enhance transportation
Reasons for proteolysis
to make different variations of a protein from a single mRNA
to convert a protein to its active form
to enhance proper folding of the protein
to enhance insertion of protein to membranes or lumen of organelles
Where is insulin made
The pancreas
Histone Rings
- important for DNA packaging
- post-translation modification of them are essential for gene expression
Acetylation nad methylation of histone cause-
relaxation or condensation of nucleosome
Enzymes that add phosphate groups
Kinases
Enzymes that remove phosphate groups
Phosphotase
What is the process of activation of CDK through phosphorylation
- Cyclin partner binds to the CDK, inducing conformational changes, partially activates the kinase
- CDK-activating kinase (CAK) phosphorylates the CDK on a conserved threonine residue, greatly increasing kinase activity
LRK2 is-
a super-kinase that plays an important role in the development of Parkinson’s disease (by not degrading itself and alpha-synuclein)
Ubiquitylation
a post-translational modification (PTM) that attaches ubiquitin to a protein
Glycoslylation
the addition of
sugars to the side chains of
certain amino acids
N linked glycosylation is
the addition of sugar
moiety to the nitrogen atom of Asparagine
O linked glycosylation is
the addition of sugar
moiety to the Oxygen atom of Serine and
Threonine
