Week 2 Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are respondent behaviours?
behaviours reliably elicited by particular stimuli despite any prior learning
- antecedent stimuli elicit respondent behaviour
What is another name for respondent behaviours?
Reflexes
What elicits respondent behaviour?
Antecedent stimuli, also known as unconditioned stimuli (USs).
Give an example of an unconditioned reflex in humans?
A bright light(US) causes people to contract (UR)
Who discovered respondent conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
How did Pavlov demonstrate respondent conditioning?
He paired a neutral stimulus (bell). with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) until the bell alone ellcited salivation
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the conditoned stimulus (CS)
The bell
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the conditioned response (CR)?
Salivation in response to the bell
How can respondent conditioning impact someone’s life?
It can have survival value but may also cause unwanted conditioned responses, such as food aversions.
What is operant behaviour?
Behaviour that is determined primarily by its history of consequences.
How is operant behaviour different from respondent behaviour?
Operant behaviour is shaped and maintained by consequences, whereas respondent behaviour is elicited by antecedent stimuli.
Why is operant behaviour important?
It allows organisms to adapt to changing environments by modifying behaviour based on consequences.
What is reinforcement?
A process that strengthens a behaviour by providing a consequence that increases its future occurrence.
What is a reinforcer?
A consequence that follows a behaviour and makes it stronger.
What are the two types of reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a stimulus after a behaviour to increase its occurrence.
Give an example of positive reinforcement.
A child cries in a store, and the mother buys chocolate. The child is more likely to cry in the store again
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing an aversive stimulus after a behaviour to increase its occurrence.
Give an example of negative reinforcement.
Give an example of negative reinforcement.
What are unconditioned reinforcers?
Reinforcers that do not require prior learning, such as food, water, and sex.
What are conditioned reinforcers?
Reinforcers that gain value through association with unconditioned reinforcers, such as money and grades.
What factors influence the effectiveness of reinforcement?
- Immediacy
Contingency
Deprivation and satiation
Amount and quality
Effort
Learning history
What is extinction?
The process by which a previously reinforced behaviour decreases when reinforcement is discontinued.
What happens when extinction is first implemented?
A temporary increase in behaviour, known as an extinction burst.
