Week 2

Question 1

What is the definition of ambulation?

Answer 1

The act, action, or an instance of moving about or walking.

Used chiefly in medical contexts.

Question 2

What does the term ‘walking reflex’ refer to?

Answer 2

A primitive reflex involved in walking.

Question 3

Define center of gravity (COG).

Answer 3

Approximately anterior to the second sacral vertebra and changes with body position and limb proportions.

Question 4

What phases are involved in the normal forward step during gait?

Answer 4

• Stance phase
• Swing phase

Question 5

What is the double-support phase in gait analysis?

Answer 5

The part of the cycle where both feet are in contact with the floor at the same time for about 25% of the time.

Question 6

Define the stance phase: initial contact.

Answer 6

The beginning of the stance phase when the heel or another part of the foot contacts the ground.

Question 7

What occurs during the loading response of the stance phase?

Answer 7

The portion from immediately after initial contact until the contralateral extremity leaves the ground.

Question 8

What is mid-stance in the gait cycle?

Answer 8

The portion that begins when the contralateral extremity leaves the ground and ends when the body is directly over the supporting limb.

Question 9

What is terminal stance?

Answer 9

The portion from mid-stance to just prior to initial contact of the contralateral extremity.

Question 10

Describe the pre-swing phase.

Answer 10

The stance phase from initial contact of the contralateral extremity to just prior to liftoff of the reference extremity.

Question 11

What happens during the initial swing phase?

Answer 11

The portion from when the reference extremity leaves the ground to maximal knee flexion of the same extremity.

Question 12

Define mid-swing.

Answer 12

The portion of swing phase from maximum knee flexion of the reference extremity to a vertical tibial position.

Question 13

What is terminal swing?

Answer 13

The portion from a vertical tibia of the reference extremity to just prior to initial contact.

Question 14

What characterizes an antalgic gait?

Answer 14

• Avoidance of weight bearing on the affected side
• Shortening of the stance phase
• Attempt to unload the limb

Question 15

How does an antalgic gait manifest in the hip?

Answer 15

Stance phase is shortened, swing phase is increased with circumduction at the hip.

Question 16

What is the characteristic of an ataxic gait?

Answer 16

Characterized by broad base walking and slapping sound of feet during walking.

Question 17

Define gluteus medius weakness (Trendelenburg gait).

Answer 17

An uncompensated limp where the pelvis dips more when the unaffected limb is in swing phase.

Question 18

What is foot drop?

Answer 18

Weakness of the muscles assisting in dorsiflexion resulting in reduced toe clearance during swing phase.

Question 19

What does the timed up and go test assess?

Answer 19

A screening tool to determine normal versus below normal mobility.

Question 20

What is a dermatome?

Answer 20

Area of skin mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve.

Question 21

What are myotomes?

Answer 21

Muscles served by a spinal nerve root.

Question 22

List the myotome associations for C5 to S1.

Answer 22

• C5 – Shoulder abduction
• C6 – Elbow flexion/ Wrist extension
• C7 – Elbow extension/ Wrist flexion
• C8 – Thumb extension
• T1 – Finger abduction
• L2 – Hip flexion
• L3 – Knee extension
• L4 – Ankle dorsiflexion
• L5 – Great toe extension
• S1 – Ankle plantarflexion

Question 23

What is the muscular strength test associated with C5?

Answer 23

Shoulder abduction

C5 is responsible for shoulder abduction.

Question 24

What actions are associated with the C6 myotome?

Answer 24

Elbow flexion, Wrist extension

C6 controls elbow flexion and wrist extension.

Question 25

What is the function of the C7 myotome?

Answer 25

Elbow extension, Wrist flexion ## Footnote C7 is involved in elbow extension and wrist flexion.

Question 26

What is the primary movement associated with the C8 myotome?

Answer 26

Thumb extension (abductor pollicis brevis) ## Footnote C8 controls thumb extension.

Question 27

What action is linked to the T1 myotome?

Answer 27

Finger abduction ## Footnote T1 is responsible for finger abduction.

Question 28

What movement is associated with the L2 myotome?

Answer 28

Hip flexion ## Footnote L2 controls hip flexion.

Question 29

What is the function of the L3 myotome?

Answer 29

Knee extension ## Footnote L3 is responsible for knee extension.

Question 30

What action is associated with the L4 myotome?

Answer 30

Ankle dorsiflexion ## Footnote L4 controls ankle dorsiflexion.

Question 31

What movement is linked to the L5 myotome?

Answer 31

Great toe extension ## Footnote L5 is responsible for great toe extension.

Question 32

What action does the S1 myotome control?

Answer 32

Ankle plantarflexion ## Footnote S1 is involved in ankle plantarflexion.

Question 33

What is the grading scale for reflex response of 4+?

Answer 33

Very brisk response, with spread to other muscle groups ## Footnote A 4+ reflex indicates a very brisk response.

Question 34

What does a 3+ reflex response indicate?

Answer 34

Brisk response, often with spread to other muscle groups ## Footnote A 3+ reflex indicates a brisk response.

Question 35

What does a 2+ reflex response signify?

Answer 35

Active response ## Footnote A 2+ reflex indicates an active response.

Question 36

What does a 1+ reflex response indicate?

Answer 36

Diminished response, elicitation may require reinforcement ## Footnote A 1+ reflex may require the Jendrassik Maneuver to elicit.

Question 37

What does a 0 reflex response mean?

Answer 37

Absent ## Footnote A 0 reflex indicates an absent response.

Question 38

What is the stimulus and response for the jaw reflex?

Answer 38

Stimulus: Tap mandible; Response: Closure of jaw ## Footnote This reflex involves the trigeminal nerve (CN 5).

Question 39

What is the response when tapping the styloid process of the radius?

Answer 39

Flexion of elbow and pronation of forearm ## Footnote This reflex involves the musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6).

Question 40

What happens when the biceps tendon is tapped?

Answer 40

Contraction of Biceps ## Footnote This reflex is also associated with the musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6).

Question 41

What is the response when tapping the triceps tendon?

Answer 41

Extension of the elbow ## Footnote This reflex involves the radial nerve (C6-C8).

Question 42

What is the response when tapping the patellar tendon?

Answer 42

Extension of lower leg at the knee ## Footnote This reflex is associated with the femoral nerve (L2-L4).

Question 43

What happens when the Achilles tendon is tapped?

Answer 43

Plantar flexion at ankle ## Footnote This reflex involves the tibial nerve (S1-S2).

Question 44

What is assessed during the anal wink test?

Answer 44

Contraction of external anal sphincter ## Footnote This response indicates neurological integrity and involves the pudendal nerve.

Question 45

What spinal segments are involved in the anal wink reflex?

Answer 45

S2-S4 ## Footnote Damage to these segments may indicate interruption of the reflex arc.

Question 46

what nerve and spinal segment is the maxillary reflex associated with

Answer 46

trigeminal nerve- CN 5

Question 47

what nerve and spinal segment is the brachioradialis reflex associated with

Answer 47

C5 C6 musculcuntaneous nerve

Question 48

what nerve and spinal segment is the biceps reflex associated with

Answer 48

C5 C6 musculcuntaneous nerve

Question 49

what nerve and spinal segment is the triceps reflex associated with

Answer 49

C6, C7, C8 Radial nerve

Question 50

what nerve and spinal segment is the patellar reflex associated with

Answer 50

L2, L3, L4 femoral nerve

Question 51

what nerve and spinal segment is the achilles reflex associated with

Answer 51

S1, S2 tibial neve