WEEK 2 Flashcards
(45 cards)
Hydrophilic
Refers to molecules that contain ionic and/or polar covalent bonds and will dissolve in water
Hydrophobic
Refers to molecules that do NOT have partial charges and therefore are NOT attracted to water molecules. Such molecules are composed predominantly of carbon and hydrogen and are relatively insoluble in water.
Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond between two atoms that have different electronegativities; the shared electrons are closer to the nucleus of the atom of higher electronegativity than to the nucleus of the atom of lower electronegativity. This distribution of the shared electrons around the atoms creates a polarity, or difference in electric charge, across the molecule.
Non-polar Covalent Bond
A strong bond formed between two atoms of similar electronegativities in which the electrons are shared between the atoms.
Amphipathic
Refers to molecules containing a hydrophobic (water-fearing) region and a hydrophilic (water-loving) region.
Molecular Mass
The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in molecule
Monomer
An organic molecule that can be used to form a larger molecule (polymer) consisting of many repeating units of the monomer.
Polymer
A large molecule formed by linking many smaller molecules called monomers.
Carbohydrate
A carbon-containing organic molecule often represented by the general formula Cn(H2O)n; carbohydrates include starches, sugars, and cellulose.
Monosaccharide
A simple sugar, such as a pentose or hexose.
Sugar
A small carbohydrate, such as a monosaccharide or disaccharide, that usually tastes sweet.
Lipid
A molecule composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Lipids are nonpolar and therefore very insoluble in water. Lipids include fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.
Phospholipid
A type of lipid that is similar in structure to a triglyceride, but with the third hydroxyl group of glycerol linked to a phosphate instead of a fatty acid; a key component of biological membranes.
Virus Capsid
A protein shell that encloses and protects the viral genome (genetic material).
Nucleic Acid
An organic macromolecule composed of nucleotides. The two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The genetic material that provides the blueprint for the organization, development, and functions of living things.
Double Helix
Two strands of DNA hydrogen-bonded with each other.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
RNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides.
Nucleotide
An organic molecule having three components: one or more phosphate groups, a five-carbon sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), and a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms known as a base.
Eukaryotic Cell
Have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane and form large and complex organisms. Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Prokaryotic Cell
A cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and cell compartmentalization; bacteria
Cell Membrane
A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds a cell, separating its internal environment from the external environment and selectively regulating what enters and exits the cell
Cell Wall
A relatively rigid, porous (hard) structure located outside the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells and cells in plants, fungi, and protist; provides support and protection.
Organelle
A subcellular structure or membrane-bound compartment with is own unique structure and function.
