week 2-3 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
a system consists of phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon
A
language
2
Q
Language is a system consists of (4)
A
phonology (sounds), morphology (word formation), syntax (grammar), and lexicon (vocabulary)
3
Q
???, both written and spoken, is the primary means of communication for humans.
A
Language
4
Q
Language can be acquired and learned. Language is acquired
through ???, while language learning may occur ???
A
a person’s environment;
formally (in educational institutions) or informally (self-learning).
5
Q
The term communication is derived from the Latin word?
A
“communicare”
6
Q
“communicare” meaning
A
“share with” or “to make common”.
7
Q
can be defined as “a common understanding of something”.
A
communication
8
Q
Generally, communication involves a ??? and ??? process of telling, listening and understanding.
A
systematic;
continuous
9
Q
Communication is a ??? in which people create, send, and receive symbolic messages to construct and interpret meaning in a variety of situations and contexts.
A
transactional process
10
Q
Characteristics:
Communication as a process (3)
A
- a continuous, dynamic, and evolving activity
- made up of interrelated parts
- a symbol
11
Q
When people communicate, they attach ??? to the ??? they use with the intent that the receiver of the message share the same meanings as intended.
A
meanings;
symbols
12
Q
Communication is also affected by the larger system
within which it operates – i.e.,
A
culture, religion, ethnicity, nationality, socio-economic status, age, sex, political affiliations, and the like.
13
Q
is a tangible representation of something abstract.
A
A symbol
14
Q
According to Beavin and Jackson (1967), communication has
two levels of meaning.
A
content level
relationship level
15
Q
It refer to the literal or denotative meaning of the message.
A
Content Level
16
Q
- It expresses the relationship between
communicators. - It is the connotative meaning of the
message.
A
Relationship Level
17
Q
types of communication (mode) (3)
A
verbal
non-verbal
visual
18
Q
Uses language, both spoken and written, in communication
A
Verbal Communication
19
Q
Does not use language but other modes in communication, i.e., body language, facial expressions, sign language, etc.
A
Non-Verbal Communication
20
Q
Uses images to transfer messages and/or information (symbols, signs, charts, diagrams, maps, graphs, imagery, photos, pictograms, illustrations/drawings)
A
Visual
Communication
21
Q
types of communication (context) (5)
A
intrapersonal
interpersonal
extended
organizational
intercultural
22
Q
Communication within oneself
A
Intrapersonal
Communication
23
Q
Communication between one person to another
A
Interpersonal Communication
24
Q
Use of electronic media
A
Extended Communication
25
The role of that communication plays in organizational contexts
Organizational Communication
26
Communication between or among people of different cultural backgrounds
Intercultural Communication
27
types of communication (purpose & style) (2)
formal
informal
28
Uses formal language
Formal
Communication
29
Uses personal, casual, and spontaneous language
Informal
Communication
30
refers to the environment where the interaction takes place. It can be in the form of physical, psychological, and cultural.
Context
31
is the source and encoder of the message, and the initiator of the communication process.
Sender (or encoder)
32
is the information, ideas, feelings, opinion, thought, attitude, and view the sender wants to deliver to the receiver.
Message
33
is the means or tool to transmit the
message.
Channel (or medium)
34
is the barrier that affects the message from being sent, received, or understood.
Noise
35
is the audience of the communication process who decodes the message.
Receiver (or decoder)
36
refers to the response of the receiver to the message received.
Feedback
37
communication models (6)
* aristotle's
* lasswell's
* berlo's
* shannon-weaver's
* schramm's
* wood's
38
principles of communication (5)
transactional
inevitable
irreversible
goal-oriented
complex
39
refers to the growth of economic, political, and cultural assimilation and interconnectedness of different culture which result in the integration of people across the globe
(Gamble et al., 2013).
Globalization
40
Role of Media in the Globalization Process (6)
* cultural exchange
* greater tolerance
* increased flow of information
* learning of different languages
* technological innovation
* social movement
41
This exchange has led to greater cultural understanding and
appreciation, and a more tolerant and accepting world.
cultural exchange
42
Through media, people have been
exposed to different perspectives and lifestyles, leading to a more tolerant and accepting world.
greater tolerance
43
Today, people can access information from anywhere in the world at any time, leading to a more informed and connected world.
increased flow of information
44
With the rise of globalization, learning a foreign language has become a necessity. Media has made it possible for people to learn foreign languages through music, movies, television shows, and online language courses.
learning of different languages
45
have transformed the way people communicate, access information, and do business, leading to a more
interconnected and integrated world
technological innovation
46
have transformed the way people communicate, access information, and do business, leading to a more
interconnected and integrated world.
social movement
47
Impact of Globalization to Communication
According to Nikolay Danev, globalization has had a powerful
impact on global communication. (4)
standardization of communication
increased connectivity
cultural exchange
new challenges
48
The term glocalization was introduced by ???,
a British sociologist who used it to describe the interaction between global and local cultures.
Roland Robertson
49
is a process of embracing both universal and local values, and places these in a familiar context.
Glocalization
50
the primary means of communication during the new normal.
virtual communication
51
refers to the exchange of information and ideas using technology-mediated channels, such as email, instant messaging, video conferencing, social media, and other forms of digital communication.
Virtual communication
52
It allows people to communicate and collaborate with others
who are geographically distant or physically separated.
Virtual communication
53
Impact of Virtual Communication (4)
* easier & quicker connection
* misinterpretation, misunderstanding, ambiguity
* manipulating one's identity
* emoticons
54
Ways to Enhance Communication in the New Normal (5)
- give people space
- empathy
- ask questions
- be forgiving
- build relationships
55
refers to the ability to effectively
communicate and interact with people from different cultural
backgrounds.
Intercultural competence
56
According to Vulpe et al. (2001), the following are the core skills of an effective intercultural communicator:
Ability to:
* express understandable and culturally sensitive
thoughts, feelings, opinions, and expectations
* engage and immerse in the local culture and language
* establish shared meanings with the local people to avoid stereotyping and miscommunication
* develop a language capacity such as using local greetings and opportunities to use the local language in other contexts
* empathize with how the locals see the world
57
Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication (3)
ethnocentrism
stereotypes
prejudices
58
It is the belief that a person’s culture is more dominant than the others.
Ethnocentrism
59
It refers to assigning generalized negative traits to a group of people (e.g., race, nationality, religion,
social class, sexual orientation, age, gender) even if these may only reflect a selected few of the group.
Stereotypes
60
These are unfair thoughts, beliefs, or feelings of dislike for a person or group because of race, nationality,
religion, gender, age, and the like.
Prejudices
61
Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication (2)
assumption of similarity;
intercultural communication anxiety
62
It is a baseless, unreasonable
refusal to see cultural differences where they exist.
Assumption of Similarity
63
It refers to the fear
associated with either real or anticipated communication with
people from another cultural group.
Intercultural Communication Anxiety
64
refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or
society. It includes the way people live, communicate, interact, and understand the world around them.
Culture
65
Characteristics of Cultures (5)
- learned, not innate
- shared
- multifaceted
- dynamic
- overlapping
66
People learn culture through socialization, education, and exposure to various cultural practices and beliefs.
Cultures are learned, not innate.
67
Culture exists within a group or society and is shared among its members, which provides a sense of belonging and identity to individuals within the
group.
Cultures are shared.
68
Culture is a complex system of
beliefs and practices that reflect the diversity of human experience.
Cultures are multifaceted.
69
Culture is dynamic and constantly
evolving. It is shaped by various factors such as globalization, migration, technological advancements, and interactions with other cultures.
Cultures are dynamic.
70
People may identify with multiple cultural groups and may have different cultural identities depending on the context.
Cultures identities are overlapping.
71
refers to the awareness, knowledge, and appreciation of different cultural practices, beliefs, and values.
Cultural sensitivity
72
Developmental Model of Cultural Sensitivity [stage 1-6]
denial
defense
minimization
acceptance
adaptation
integration
73
People deny that cultural differences exist and assume that everyone shares the same
values and beliefs.
Stage 1: Denial
74
People recognize that cultural differences exist but view them negatively. They may feel threatened by people from different cultures and may view their own culture as superior.
Stage 2: Defense
75
People recognize cultural differences but minimize its significance. They may believe that everyone is essentially the same, and cultural differences are not important.
Stage 3: Minimization
76
People recognize and value cultural
differences. They understand that people from different cultures have different beliefs, values, and behaviors, and they accept and respect these differences.
Stage 4: Acceptance
77
People actively seek out opportunities to learn about and interact with people from different cultures. They adapt their behavior and communication style to better fit in with people from different cultural backgrounds.
Stage 5: Adaptation
78
People fully integrate cultural differences into their worldview and identity. They can interact effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds and respect and value diversity.
Stage 6: Integration
79
aims to understand and take into
account the societal and cultural factors involved in
gender-based exclusion and discrimination
Gender sensitivity
80
is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.
Political correctness
81
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: 2 persons
dyadic
82
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: 3-10 persons
small group
83
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: 10-100 people
public speaking
84
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: 101+ people
mass communication
85
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION:
> bottom-up
> top down
> horizontal
> vertical
86
CONTEXTS:
1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Cultural
4. Historical
87
TYPES OF NOISE:
physical, psychological, physiological, semantic
88
Laswell
Harold Dwight Laswell
89
aristotle (message)
persuasive
90
elements of aristotle's model
ethos, pathos, logos
91
laswell's model key words
medium, mass communication
92
aristotle's keywords
public speaking, linear
93
Berlo
David Berlo
94
sender & receiver: must have the same level of skills to achieve understanding/comprehension
berlo's
95
shannon and weaver
claude shannon; warren weaver
96
shannon-weaver keywords
noise
97
schramm
wilbur schramm
98
schramm keywords
circular model
> sender & receiver have interchangeable roles
both are interpreters
99
wood
julia wood
100
woods' keywords
put emphasis on context and shared experiences (for understanding and having the same interpretation)
101
4 drivers of globalization
technologies, machineries, information, communication
