week 7-8 Flashcards by Desiree Panghulan

public speaking is also known as

oration

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Dolman (1922)
process or act of performing a presentation (or a speech) focused around an individual directly speaking to a live audience in a
structured, deliberate manner

public speaking

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goal of public speaking

to inform, influence, or entertain audience.

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4Ms: principles of effective public speaking

material
message
method of delivery
manners in speech

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It refers to the subject that the speaker explores or discusses during their presentation or speech.

material

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the central idea or theme around
which the speaker builds their argument, evidence, and stories.

material

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KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A MATERIAL (4)

audience
expertise
purpose
relevance

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Audience. Consider the interests, background, and needs of the audience. The topic should be ??? and ??? to them.

relevant and engaging

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Expertise. Choose a topic that aligns with your expertise and knowledge. This will help you deliver a ??? and ??? presentation.

confident and authoritative

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Purpose. Determine the purpose of the speech or presentation. Is it to inform, persuade, entertain, or inspire? The topic should align with the ???

overall purpose

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Relevance. Choose a topic that is ???, ???, and ??? with the audience.

current, relevant, and resonates

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It is the main points to the central idea or theme that the speaker wants to convey to the audience.

message

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It is the core of the speech or presentation and serves as a guide for all other elements, such as the supporting evidence, anecdotes, and examples.

message

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It is critical because it determines the impact and effectiveness of the
presentation

message

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SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:

It seeks to provide the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea presented by the
speaker.

Speech to inform

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SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:

It seeks to provide the audience with entertainment.

Speech to entertain.

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SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:

It seeks to provide the audience with favorable or acceptable ideas that can influence their own ideas and decisions.

Speech to persuade.

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It is also known as the style of delivery.

methods of delivery

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It refers to the way in which a speaker presents his/her speech or presentation to the audience.

methods of delivery

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METHODS OF DELIVERY: The speaker reads their speech word-for-word from a prepared script. (Ex. proclamation paper, public
announcement, court decision)

Manuscript

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METHODS OF DELIVERY: The speaker memorizes their entire speech and delivers it from memory without notes or prompts. (Ex. declamation or oratorical speech)

Memorized

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METHODS OF DELIVERY: The speaker delivers a speech without any prior preparation or planning.

impromptu

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METHODS OF DELIVERY: The speaker delivers a speech that is carefully prepared and planned, but not read word-for-word from a script.

extemporaneous

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These refer to the way in which a speaker uses their voice and language to
communicate their message effectively to the audience. These include volume, tone, pace, pronunciation, articulation, inflection, pause, and body language.

manners in speech

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These also refer to the ethical standards in delivering a speech in public.

manners in speech

It refers to the use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues to convey a message.

non-verbal communication

ALL KINDS OF RESPONSES THAT ARE NOT EXPRESSED IN WORDS

non-verbal communication

Non-verbal communication can be ??? or ???

conscious or unconscious

It refers to the speaker’s body movements which include eye contact, facial expressions, posture, and gestures.

body language

allows the listeners to easily detect how confident a speaker is or how interested he/she to talk to them.

using eye contact

tools to express or communicate a speaker’s emotions through the different parts of the face.

facial expressions

These include movements of the hands, legs, and other body parts that carry meanings

gestures

Gesture: To describe or clarify a point

Descriptive

Gesture: To make a point or suggest emotions

emphatic

Gesture: To show approval or disapproval

Suggestive

Gesture: To suggest a desirable response

Prompting

It is the position of the body either when a person stands or sit. In public speaking, it shows confidence and elicits positive impression from the audience.

Posture

The way a speaker ??? and presents themselves can impact how the audience perceives their credibility, authority, and professionalism.

dresses

It refers to the highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice.

pitch

loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

volume

the speed at which the speaker speaks

rate

quality of the speaker’s voice, such as the level of friendliness, confidence, or authority.

tone

clarity and distinctness of the speaker's words.

articulation

intentional breaks in the speaker's speech.

pauses

correct way of saying words, including the accent, syllable stress, and intonation.

pronunciation

the space and distance between the speaker and the audience.

proxemics

reflect people’s personality and reveal character.

colors

single most dynamic and passion color that symbolizes love, rage, and courage.

red

joyous and radiant color. It exudes warmth, inspiration, and vitality. It is the happiest of the colors.

yellow

optimistic color. It helps you look at the bright side of life despite difficulties.

orange

color of spring which represents growth and renewal. It is a color that resonates energy and positivity.

green

color of depth, stability, and independence. This is best for studying and working because it helps in relaxing and stimulating the mind

blue

stability of blue and energy of red. It is associated with royalty. It symbolizes power, nobility, luxury, and ambition. It conveys wealth and extravagance.

purple

goodness, purity, and innocence. The individual who chooses white as a color seeks excellence and enlightenment in all philosophies

white

mysterious color because it can have different interpretations. It can mean power, elegance, formality, death, evil, or grief.

black

physical contact. It can be interpreted differently in various cultures. But, generally, it is used to communicate love, care, or comfort

touch

The initial step in building connection with the audiences is to know them, which can be achieved through ???

audience analysis

a process of looking into the behavior, values, beliefs, or even the culture of the audience.

audience analysis

means “to be done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed” in any way, shape, or form.

impromptu speech

The speaker organizes his/her ideas into three parts: past, present, and future. * It involves reflecting on the past related to the topic, describing the current situation in the present, and sharing thoughts or predictions for the future.

past, present, future strategy

It involves making a clear point, providing a reason, giving an example or explanation, and then restating the point to summarize the key ideas.

POINT-REASON EXAMPLE/EXPLANATION-POINT (PREP)

it starts with a strong opening, followed by three supporting details or information, and ends with a clincher that leaves a lasting impression on the audience.

OPENING, RULE OF THREE, CLINCHER

This involves building a connection between what the speaker do not know and what he/she know. * It is a technique used to transition smoothly from one topic or question to another. It involves acknowledging the current topic or question, providing a brief response or comment, and then connecting it to a related topic or question

bridging

The speaker takes a statement or question and rephrases it in a way that shifts the focus or changes the perspective on the topic. * This technique can be used to redirect the conversation and introduce new ideas or perspectives. By reframing a question or statement, speakers can provide a fresh perspective on the topic, challenge assumptions, and offer a more nuanced understanding of the issue at hand.

reframing

It involves taking a position that is contrary to one’s own personal opinion or beliefs in order to stimulate critical thinking, promote discussion, or challenge assumptions. * This technique involves temporarily adopting a position that is opposite to one’s own in order to explore the potential strengths and weaknesses of different arguments or perspectives.

playing the devil's advocate

involves delivering a speech or presentation without a prepared script or memorized content. Instead, the speaker relies on notes, outlines, or mental preparation to organize their ideas and key points.

Extemporaneous speech

purpose of extemporaneous speech

to inform, entertain, persuade

is certainly one form of entertainment. But when it comes to entertaining the audience, it is about making the speech pleasant to listen to from beginning to end

Humor

This refers to an emotional appeal. When using this as a means of persuasion, the speaker is attempting to elicit a feeling in the audience to pull them towards a particular conclusion.

Pathos

In rhetoric, this can be understood as the audience’s perception of the speaker’s ethical character.

Ethos

It refers to the use of reasoned arguments to convince an audience. An effective logical argument in an extemporaneous speech will clearly state a claim, offer analysis to explain the truth of the claim, and support the analysis with evidence

Logos

has a more formal purpose and requires a great deal of research to be done effectively focuses on evidences as a form of argument

argumentative

blends facts and emotion in attempt to convince the reader that the writer is “right”(often relies heavily on opinion) * more prone to emotional appeals and other non-formal types of debate

persuasive

the main purpose is to argue a point using evidences, to get the audience to acknowledge that the speaker’s side is valid and deserves consideration as another point of view

argumentative

argumentative: the tone must appear ???

authoritative

the main purpose is not necessarily to present undeniable facts , but is instead to sway the readers

persuasive

persuasive: has a more ??? tone like a friend or a mentor

relaxed

uses language that is aloof, complex, and filled with jargon related to the topic acknowledge that opposing views exist

argumentative

the style is friendlier, may appeal to the audience’s emotions, ego, or sense of intelligence speaker presents one side – his/her side

persuasive

It is a list of sources that have been researched by an individual or group for a specific purpose, with annotations or brief descriptions accompanying each source

annotated research bibliography

The ??? provide a summary of the source's content, relevance, and quality, as well as an evaluation of the author's arguments, methodology, and bias

annotations

A ??? is the main point or central argument of the speech. It expresses the speaker’s stand on the issue. It must present a strong position that is supported by convincing evidences and suggests a framework for organizing the speech.

thesis statement

is a condensed version of a text in a linear, structured format. It organizes main topics, sub-topics, and supporting details. It aids the readers in identifying the key ideas in a text

Outline

principles of outlining (4)

division, classification, coordination, subordination

relevant ideas should always go together

principle of classification

the structure should be parallel to one another

principle of coordination

supporting details should always fall under appropriate main ideas

principle of subordination

(1) Begin the speech with a personal story, observation or experience; (2) Provide striking statistics that can support the ideas; (3) Add the opinion; (4) Think of engaging rhetorical questions; (5) Use emotional appeal; (6) Use superlatives to exaggerate an idea; and, (7) Think of the rule of three

A.F.O.R.E.S.T. (anecdotes, facts and figures, opinion, rhetorical questions, emotive language, superlatives, tripling)

Identify the problem and provide solution showing its practicality.

PROBLEM-SOLUTION

Identify the problem, analyze the causes of the problem, and provide solution to the problem.

PROBLEM-CAUSE-SOLUTION

Identify the problem, present at least two solutions to the problem, and compare the two in terms of practicality and feasibility.

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES

(1) Grab the attention of the audience by identifying the target problem; (2) Establish the need or urgency to address the identified problem; (3) Present possible solutions to the audience to satisfy the needs; (4) Help the audience visualize by using vivid language to convince them about the benefits they can gain from the solutions presented; (5) Engage the audience to participate in promoting change through a call for action

MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE

week 7-8 Flashcards

(93 cards)