Week 2

Question 1

superior border of the mediastinum

Answer 1

thoracic inlet

Question 2

inferior border of the mediastinum

Answer 2

diaphram

Question 3

anterior border of the mediastinum

Answer 3

sternum and costal cartilages

Question 4

posterior border of mediastinum

Answer 4

thoracic verebrae

Question 5

lateral border of mediastinum

Answer 5

pleura

Question 6

superior mediastinum contents

Answer 6

great vessels of heart, thoracic duct left, parts of azygos system, R and L vagus nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerves, pulmonary esophageal and cardiac autonomic nerve plexuses, thymus, parts of trachea and esophagus

Question 7

inferior anterior mediastinum

Answer 7

fat, lymph tissue, vessels, in small children thymus may extend into this region

Question 8

inferior middle mediastinum

Answer 8

the heart and its pericardial tissue

Question 9

inferior posterior mediastinum

Answer 9

thoracic aorta, esophagus, pulmonary arteries and veins, azygos system, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunk and thoracic splancnic nerves

Question 10

What are areas that food will get stuck.

Answer 10

under the arch of aorta, and left main bronchus

Question 11

What are the arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart?

Answer 11

The great vessels.

Question 12

What is the outer portion of the heart?

Answer 12

The fibrous pericardium, made of dense connective tissue.

Question 13

What are the three distinct layers of the heart layers?

Answer 13

external epicardium
middle myocardium
internal endocardium

Question 14

Epicardium

Answer 14

The outermost heart layer and is also known as the visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 15

WHere does fat deposit in the heart?

Answer 15

IN the epicardium

Question 16

What is the myocardium composed of?

Answer 16

Primarily cardiac muscle tissue. THickest

Question 17

What does the endocardium cover?

Answer 17

internal surface of the heart and external surfaces of heart valves

Question 18

Where does the subendocardial layer lie? And what is it composed of/

Answer 18

It is composed of areolar connective tissue and it is in between endocardium and myocardium

Question 19

What two large arteires exit the heart at the basal surface?

Answer 19

the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

Question 20

What separates the atria from the ventricles externally?

Answer 20

coronary sulcus or atrioventricular sulcus that extends around the circumference of the heart

Question 21

On the anterior and the posterior surfaces of the heart, what separates the L and R ventricles?

Answer 21

anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 22

Where does the anterior and posterior sulci extend?

Answer 22

From the coronary sulcus toward the apex of the heart

Question 23

What heart structure provides the framework of dense collagen, irregular connective tissue that anchors and provides support for the heart?

Answer 23

The fibrous skeleton

Question 24

Where is the fibrous heart skeleton located?

Answer 24

btw the atria and the ventricles

Question 25

How does the fibrouse skeleton support the heart valves?

Answer 25

By forming supportive rings at their attachment points

Question 26

What does the fibrous skeleton provide?

Answer 26

Electrical insulation btw atria and ventricles

Question 27

Atrioventricular valves function similarly to?

Answer 27

venous valves

Question 28

What three major vessels empty into the right atrium?

Answer 28

superior vena cava inferior vena cava coronary sinus drains

Question 29

What forms a wall btw the right and left atria internally?

Answer 29

interatrial septum, has pectinate muscles

Question 30

What is the valve that seperates the R atria from the R ventricle?

Answer 30

Right atrioventricular valve also called tricuspid valve, bc it has three triangular flaps

Question 31

What forces the tricuspid valve closed/

Answer 31

Right ventricle contraction, preventing backflow

Question 32

What seperates the right and left ventricle internally?

Answer 32

interventricular septum

Question 33

The internal wall surface of each ventricle has three cone shaped muscular priojections called?

Answer 33

papillary muscles

Question 34

what do papillary muscles do?

Answer 34

anchor chordae tendineae

Question 35

What do chordae tendineae do?

Answer 35

attach to cusp of the right AV valve and prevent everting and flippin into the atrium when contracting

Question 36

The ligamentum arteriosum is a fetal reminant of what?

Answer 36

deuctus arteriosis

Question 37

Where is the ligamentum arteriosum located?

Answer 37

the pulmonary trunk and aorta

Question 38

The pulmonary trunk at its superior end narrows into a smooth walled conical region called?

Answer 38

conus arteriosus

Question 39

What marks the end of the right ventricle and the entrance into the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 39

the pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 40

What does the pulmonary trunk divide into?

Answer 40

the right and left pulmonary arteries

Question 41

Where is the semilunar valve?

Answer 41

located within the walls of both ventricles immediately before the connection of the ventricle to the pulmonary trunk and aorta

Question 42

What is the semilunar valve made up of?

Answer 42

three thin, pocketlike semilunar cusps

Question 43

What forces the semilunar valves open?

Answer 43

blood being pumped into the atrial trunks, pushing against the cusps

Question 44

What does the Left atrioventricular valve separate?

Answer 44

the left atrium from the left ventricle, also called the bicuspid valve

Question 45

What closes the left atrioventricular valve?

Answer 45

when the left ventricle begins to contract

Question 46

What is special about the left ventricle?

Answer 46

It is the largest of the four heart chambers, the wall is typically three times thicker

Question 47

Why does the left ventricle require the thickest wall?

Answer 47

Generate enough pressure to force the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the aorta and then through the entire systemic circuit

Question 48

What are more prominent in the left ventricle?

Answer 48

trabeculae carneae

Question 49

What is autorhythmicity?

Answer 49

meaning that the heart itself (not external nerves) is responsible for initiating the heartbeat

Question 50

Where is the AV node located?

Answer 50

located in the floor of the right atrium btw the right AV valve and the coronary sinus

Question 51

What are the largest of the cardiac muscle fibers?

Answer 51

purkinje fibers

Question 52

The main tributary of the coronary sinus/

Answer 52

The great cardiac vein

Question 53

What is the heart innervated by?

Answer 53

autonomic nervous system

Question 54

What is the nervous system of the heart?

Answer 54

cardiac and coronary plexus

Question 55

What does the right coronary artery typically branch into?

Answer 55

marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

Question 56

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

Answer 56

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

Question 57

cardiomyopathy

Answer 57

a condition in which a ventricle has become enlarged, thickened and or stiffened. As a result, the herat's ability to pump is reduced.

Question 58

dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 58

an enlarged, weakened left ventricle struggles to pump enough blood to meet the bodys need

Question 59

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 59

left ventricle cannot fully relax btw heartbeats, resulting in less blood flow

Question 60

angioplasty

Answer 60

a procedure in which a catheter is inserted w a tiny balloon that presses the plaque blockage against the artery so that blood may flow more freely through the vessel

Question 61

stent

Answer 61

is then inserted to keep the vessel pathway open and the blood flowing