Week 2

Question 0

Is a tentative belief about the way two or more variables interact/ impact each other

It predicts the findings that should be observed if the theory is correct.

Answer 0

Hypothesis

Question 1

Is a systematic way of organising and explaining observation; different schools of thought promoting different theories.

Answer 1

Theory

Question 2

That is the same for all participants except where variations is introduced to test a hypothesis.

It exposes the participants in a study to as similar procedures as possible.

Answer 2

Standardised procedure

Question 3

Sample that is representative of the population

Answer 3

Generalisability

Question 4

Measures that are reliable that produce consistent results.

Answer 4

Objective measurement

Question 5

Any phenomenon that can differ or vary from one situation to another or from one person to another.

….. is anything that can vary, be changed, such as memory attention, time taken to perform a task.

Answer 5

Variable

Question 6

Has a continuum of possible values and varies across this range( e.g., reaction time in seconds ranging from 0.05 to 5 secs)

Answer 6

Continuous Variable

Question 7

Can take on fixed values and only those fixed values (e.g., make of car, biological gender)

A variable with a number of possible values, yet these are fixed and limited into set groups or classes. Eg. Blood group.

Answer 7

Categorical Variable

Question 8

Is the entire group of people that a researcher is interested in

Answer 8

Population

Question 9

Smaller subsets of the population and make interferences back to the entire populated on the…

Answer 9

Samples

Question 10

To be valid the sampling must be…

Answer 10

Representative

Question 11

In-depth observation of a small number of cases.

Describes psychological processes as they occur in individual cases.

Allows study of complex phenomena not easily reproduced experimentally.

Answer 11

Descriptive Designs

Question 12

Manipulation of variables to assess cause and effect.

Replicability: a study can be repeated to see if the same findings emerge.

Maximises control over relevant variables.

Answer 12

Experimental designs

Question 13

Examines the extent to which two or more variables are related and can be used to predict one an other.

Reveals relationships among variables as they exist outside the laboratory.

Answer 13

Correlational Designs

Question 14

In-depth observation of a phenomen as it occurs in the wild

Reveals the phenomena as they exist outside the laboratory.

Answer 14

Naturalistic Observation

Question 15

Asking people questions about their attitudes, behaviour etc.

Reveals attitudes or self-reported behaviours of a large sample of individuals.

Answer 15

Survey research

Question 16

Produce consistent measurements over time, or amongst items in a scale of measurement.

Refers to a measure’s ability to produce consistent results.

Answer 16

Reliable

Question 17

Actually measure the variable of interest; or is a measure used for the purposes for which it is designed.

It refers to the measure ability to assess the variable it is supposed to assess.

Answer 17

Valid

Question 18

Does the test give similar values if the same participant takes it two or more times?

Answer 18

Test- retest reliability

Question 19

Different items that measure the same variable should produce similar answers- be consistent.

A measure is …… If several ways of asking the same question yield similar results.

Answer 19

Internal consistency

Question 20

Two testers who rate the same person on the same variable, should give similar ratings to the participant.

Answer 20

Integrated reliability

Question 21

The scientific approaches 3 main goals?

1. summarises data produced in a way that makes the events and the relationship between them easily understandable.

Answer 21

Description

Question 22

The scientific approaches 3 main goals?

2. Using outcome of research to identify what is likely to occur in the future

Answer 22

Prediction

Question 23

The scientific approaches 3 main goals?

3. Identifying the causal(underlying) factors that led to the results found

Answer 23

Understanding

Question 24

Manipulated by the experimenter, which is outside the participants control. The aim is to assess the impact of these manipulations on the way participants respond.

Answer 24

Independent Variable(IV)

Question 25

Participants responses. Is the response the experimenter measures to see whether the experimental manipulation had an effect.

Answer 25

Dependant Variable (DV)

Question 26

A group that is similar to the experimental group, except that it has not been exposed to the treatment.

Answer 26

Control Group

Question 27

Shares the logic and many features of the experimental method but do not allow as much control over all relevant variables.

Answer 27

Quasi-experimental designs

Question 28

An in-depth observation of one person or a small group of individuals.

Answer 28

Case study

Question 29

High values of one variable are associated with low values of the other variable.

Answer 29

Negative Correlation

Question 30

High values of one variable are associated with high values of the other variable.

Answer 30

Positive correlation

Question 31

Informed consent Maintain participants welfare Voluntary participation Ensure confidentiality Avoid deception Fair and humane treatment of animals Gain appropriate ethics approval

Answer 31

Code of ethics

Question 32

Measures electrical activity towards the surface of. The brain(near the skull).

Answer 32

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 33

Uses computer programs to convert the data taken from brain-scanning devises into visual images of the brain.

Answer 33

Neuroimaging techniques

Question 34

Rotates an X-ray tube around a persons head producing a serious of X-ray pictures.

Answer 34

CAT Scan

Question 35

Is a neuroimaging technique that provides that produces similar results without using X-rays

Answer 35

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 36

Is a neuroimaging method used that requires injections of small quantity of radioactive glucose.

Answer 36

Positron emission tomography (PET)