Week 2 Flashcards by Eilidh Green

Describe nociceptive pain

normal pain
only elected when intense/noxious stimuli threaten to damage tissue
adaptive/ biologically useful
high threshold
limited duration

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Describe chronic pain

sustained sensory abnormality / ongoing peripheral pathology
maladaptive pain
either evoked or spontaneous
Ab AD or C fibres

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What is allodynia?

pain elicited by a normally innocuous sensation

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What are Meissner’s corpuscles used in?

light touch

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what are merkel disks used in?

mechanical deflection

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What are hair follicles afferents used in?

gentle brushing

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What are pacinian corpuscles used in

gross pressure changes

vibration

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What are ruffini endings used in?

stretching of skin (slippage)

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What are the three aspects of the triple response?

red reaction
wheal
flare

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What chemicals activate nociceptors?

K+
prostaglandins
bradykinin
5-HT

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What are released from nociceptors that cause positive feedback?

CGRP and substance P

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What does CGRP do?

dilates blood vessels

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What does substance P do?

plasma extravasation
oedema
release of bradykinin

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What pathway is used for discriminative tactile sensation?

dorsal column (medial lemnical)

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What pathway is involved in pain?

spinothalamic

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when do the eyes begin to appear?

day 22

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how do the eyes appear?

a pair of shallow grooves

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What do the grooves from?

outgrowths from the diencephalon of the forebrain called the optic vesicle

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what do the optic vesicles do?

they are in contact with surface ectoderm and induce changes necessary for lens formation

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What happens to the placodes?

they become columnar and invagination
“double walled” cup
optic stalk forms

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describe the blood supply to the developing eye

grooves arise on the ventral surface of the optic cup forming the choroidal fissure
a branch of the ophthalmic artery - the hyaloid artery - passes along the choroidal fissure to supply the lens and developing retina

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what is the lens of the eye derived from?

surface ectoderm

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what is special about fibres of the lens?

they contain no organelles or neclei

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Describe the structure of the optic cup

bilaminar structure
outer layer forms the pigmented later of the retina
inner later forms the nervous layer of the retina

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WHat give rise to the iris and the ciliary body?

the rim of the optic cup

what does the ciliary produce?

the aqueous humour

what is in the centre of the optic nerve

central artery and veins of the retina

what does the mesenchyme around the optic cup condense into?

layers of the eyeball | the choroid and the sclera

what develops between the cornea and the lens?

the anterior chamber of the eye

where is gelatinous substance found in the eye?

the gap between the lens and the retina

what is the posterior chamber of the eye also called?

the vitreous body

When do the eyelids reopen?

between the 5th and 7th month in utero

WHat is the key regulatory molecule in eye development?

PAX6

where is PAX6 expressed?

the anterior neural plate before neurulation begins

What molecule is involved in eye field separation?

SHH

What is microphtalmia?

eyeball is too small

What is anophtalmia?

absence of the eye

WHat is cyclopia?

one eye

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

maintain constant environment protect brain from foreign substances protect brain from peripheral transmitters

What drugs can be used to transiently disrupt the BBB?

manitol

What type of drug is L-DOPA?

pro molecule

give an example of an inhaled anaesthetic

desflurane

give an example of an injected anaesthetic

propofol

what is the definition of anxiolytics and sedatives?

drugs that cause sleep and reduce anxiety

what is the definition of antipsychotic drugs?

drugs that are effective in receiving symptoms of schizophrenic illness

what is the definition of antidepressant drugs?

drugs that alleviate the symptoms of depressive illness

What are affective disorders?

disorders of mood rather than though or cognition

What is the definition of analgesic drugs?

drugs used clinically for controlling

what is the definition of a psychomotor stimulant?

drugs that cause wakefulness and euphoria

WHat is the definition of psychotomimetic drugs?

drugs that cause disturbance of perception and of behaviour that can be simply characterised as sedative or stimulant

What is the definition of cognition enhancers?

drugs that improve memory and cognitive performance

WHat pathway is involved in parkinson's disease?

nirgostriatal

what pathway is involved in schizophrenia?

mesolithic / cortical

WHat are the symptoms of parkinsons disease?

tremor, hypokinesia and rigidity

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

delusions hallucinations thought disorders

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

social withdrawals. emotional flattening reduced drive poverty of speech inability to feel pleasure

What are some mechanical causes of back pain?

``` trauma muscular and ligaments pain postural back pain lumbar spondylosis facet joint syndrome lumbar disc prolapse spinal and root canal stenosis ```

Give some examples of inflammatory causes of back pain

infective lesions of the spine | ankylosing spondylitis

Describe some metabolic causes of back pain

osteoporotic spinal fractures osteomalacia paget's disease

What are the parts of the IV disc?

annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposis

What nerve is involved in sciatica?

What are some features and signs of serious spinal disease?

``` previous malignancy younger than 16 or older that 50 with new pain unexplained weight loss recent serious illness or infection saddle anaesthetsia reduced anal tone hip or knee weakness generalised neurologcal deficit spinal deformities urinary retention ```

What are some of the yellow flags in chronic pain?

``` belief pain is harmful and activity is harmful fear-avoidance behaviours and inactivity social withdrawal emotional problems dissatisfaction at work financial problems overprotective family or lack of support ```

How is chronic pain prevented?

managing symptoms with analgesics early detection of risk factors advise and education to patient discharge of patient as early as possible

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

the facial nerve (CNVII)

WHat are the muscles of mastication?

massseter temporalis medial pterygoid lateral pterygoid

What are the main vessels of the face?

facial artery, superficial temporal artery

What is the consequence of severing the parotid duct?

salivary mucocoele

What are the five branches of the facial nerve?

``` temporal zygomatic buccal marginal mandibular cervical ```

Week 2 Flashcards

(69 cards)