Week 2

Question 1

Before a research design, we need a ______, and a ______ before that.

Answer 1

question

topic

Question 2

What does PICOT stand for?

Answer 2

population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time

Question 3

A research question must have these attributes (4 things).

Answer 3

clear/specific
researchable
have specific evaluation criteria
have potential to make knowledge contribution

Question 4

What are the four fundamental types of clinical questions?

Answer 4

Therapy
Harm
Diagnosis
Prognosis

Question 5

Concerning the likelihood of a therapeutic intervention to cause harm

Answer 5

harm clinical question

Question 6

Concerning the ability of a test to predict the likelihood of a disease

Answer 6

diagnosis clinical quesiton

Question 7

concerning the effectiveness of a treatment or preventative measure

Answer 7

therapy clinical question

Question 8

concerning the future course of a patient with a particular condition

Answer 8

prognosis clinical question

Question 9

Research questions are more ______ than clinical questions.

Answer 9

general

Question 10

What are the components of clinical questions?

Answer 10

PICOT - population, intervention/treatment, comparison, outcome, time

Question 11

Apply PICOT to the following:

Is water as effective as alcohol in preventing umbilical cord infections in newborn infants?

Answer 11

P - newborn infants
I - water
C - alcohol
O - reducing umbilical infections
T - time unspecified

Question 12

Study a phenomenon over time

Answer 12

longitudinal study design

Question 13

Study a phenomenon at one point in time

Answer 13

Cross-section study design

Question 14

the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide healthcare decisions

Answer 14

evidence-informed practice

Question 15

Evidence informed practice has two parts - what are they?

Answer 15

Research and decision making

Question 16

The process of using evidence informed practice is not value free, meaning?

Answer 16

Bias is present

Question 17

A best guess, or prediction about what a researcher expects to find with regard to the relationship between two or more variables

Answer 17

hypothesis

Question 18

The best guess part of a hypothesis means what?

Answer 18

Typically underpinned by previous research or anecdotal evidence

Question 19

What are the different types of hypotheses?

Answer 19

Null, alternative, directional, non-directional, simple and complex

Question 20

Predicts no difference or relationship exists

Answer 20

Null hypothesis

Question 21

Basis for statistical testing in research

Answer 21

null hypothesis

Question 22

Opposite of null - specifies/predicts a relationship

Answer 22

Research/alternative hypothesis

Question 23

Hypothesis that predicts an increase or decrease in effect

Answer 23

directional hypothesis

Question 24

Hypothesis that predicts there is an association, but no specific direction is stated

Answer 24

Non-directional hypothesis

Question 25

Cause effect relationship only between dependent and independent variables

Answer 25

Simple hypothesis

Question 26

More complicated causal pathway, more variables - hypothesis type

Answer 26

Complex hypothesis

Question 27

Characteristic of something that may change (time, place, individual)

Answer 27

variable

Question 28

Variables that are the main object of study.

Answer 28

Explanatory variables

Question 29

What are the different explanatory variables?

Answer 29

IV and DV

Question 30

All other variables that you wish to control for

Answer 30

Extraneous/control variables

Question 31

Extraneous variable that occurs prior to both the IV and DV

Answer 31

antecedent extraneous variable

Question 32

Antecedent variable affecting both IV and DV at the same time

Answer 32

Spurious variable

Question 33

Antecedent variable that only comes before the IV

Answer 33

non-spurious variable

Question 34

Extraneous variable that is an effect of the IV and a cause of the DV

Answer 34

Intervening variable

Question 35

Values or categories consist of numbers, differences between the categories can be expressed numerically.

Answer 35

Quantitative variables

Question 36

Discrete categories, usually designated by a label, non-numerical differences between the categories

Answer 36

Qualitative variables

Question 37

Are both quantitative and qualitative variables used in quantitative research?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

What are the different units of analysis?

Answer 38

Individuals Social groupings Social artifacts

Question 39

Why do we study units of analysis?

Answer 39

If we don't identify our unit of analysis, we can make false assumptions - i.e. cannot make an assumption about the group level and apply it to the individual level

Question 40

the what or whom you want to study

Answer 40

unit of analysis

Question 41

combination of the different types of knowing

Answer 41

aesthetic knowing

Question 42

Name the type of knowing based on the description: A - your ways of knowing B - think of your past experiences, reflecting on that C - has to do with what is best or the right action based on ethical rules

Answer 42

personal reflexive ethical

Question 43

Quantitative research: - _______-based truth - ____ scientific truth - findings are _________ to others - describe, explain, predict - researcher just ______, does not ______ - uses numbers to help explain - uses ______ words - seeks a truth that can be applied to others in a similar situation/context

Answer 43

``` population one generalization observes, interact causative ```

Question 44

Qualitative | - ______ _______, rather than single truths

Answer 44

multiple perspectives

Question 45

Way of thinking

Answer 45

paradigm

Question 46

• The kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject

Answer 46

paradigm

Question 47

What are the different types of paradigms we covered?

Answer 47

post-positivist interpretative constructivist Positivist

Question 48

``` Describe whether quantitative or qualitative for the following: Post-positivist Interpretative Constructivist Positivist ```

Answer 48

post-positivist - quantitative Interpretative - qualitative Constructivist - qualitative Positivist - quantitative

Question 49

Describe the differences between the qualitative and quantitative research for the following: nature of research Reality Context

Answer 49

Nature of research: - Quantitative: Population-based, objective - Qualitative: Individual based, subjective Reality: - Quantitative: one scientific truth - Qualitative: multiple realities Context: - Quantitative: generalizable to others - Qualitative: enriched details of specific time/place

Question 50

``` Describe the differences between the qualitative and quantitative research for the following: Goals Values Researcher's voice Methods ```

Answer 50

Goals: - Quantitative: describe, explain, predict - Qualitative: describe and understand Values: - Quantitative: not applicable (Detracting) - Qualitative: woven in Researcher's voice: - Quantitative: neutral, observer - Qualitative: active Methods: - Quantitative: experimental or quasi-experimental - Qualitative: dialogue

Question 51

X causes Y (100%)

Answer 51

causative

Question 52

X may be related to Y, but doesn't explain all the variation in Y

Answer 52

correlation

Question 53

A linear path of research is more likely for _______; while a cyclical approach is more often ______.

Answer 53

quantitative | qualitative