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Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the simple confidence interval?

A

A range of values that we are confident contains the population parameter

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2
Q

What is point estimate?

A

A single value that represents the best estimate of the population value

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3
Q

In a confidence interval, the width concerns the ___ of the estimate

A

In a confidence interval, the width concerns the precision of the estimate

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4
Q

The point estimate is always in the ___ of the confidence interval

A

The point estimate is always in the middle of the confidence interval

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5
Q

What is the formal definition of a confidence interval?

A

If we repeated sampling an infinite number of times, 95% of the intervals would overlap the true mean

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6
Q

Not every value in a CI, is equally as ___

A

Not every value in a CI, is equally as probable

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7
Q

A more narrow confidence interval means that it is ____ precise

A

A more narrow confidence interval means that it is more precise

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8
Q

What are the factors that can narrow/increase a confidence interval?

A
  1. Larger sample size
  2. Less variance
  3. Lower selected level of
    confidence (90% vs. 95%)
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9
Q

The null hypothesis is ___. And it states that _____

A

The null hypothesis is a sampling error. And it states that the population means(not sample means) are equal so the difference seen is not real

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10
Q

The alternative hypothesis states that the difference seen, represents __.

A

The alternative hypothesis states that the difference seen, represents a real difference.

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11
Q

What is a type 1 error in hypothesis testing? What is its symbol? This is considered a liar

A

When the null hypothesis is true, and we choose to reject it.
Symbol: “Alpha”

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12
Q

What is a type 2 error in hypothesis testing? What is its symbol? This is considered to be blind

A

When the null hypothesis is false, and we do not reject it. (accept it)
Symbol: Beta

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13
Q

___ is the maximum probability of type 1 error that a researcher is willing to accept

A

Alpha is the maximum probability of type 1 error that a researcher is willing to accept

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14
Q

When does the researcher set the alpha?

A

Set before running statistics

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15
Q

What is alpha usually set to?

A

0.05. (5%)

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16
Q

What is the simple definition of a p-value?

A

The probability of type 1 error if the null hypothesis is true

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17
Q

True or false.

You can have a probability of type 1 error what the null hypothesis is false

A

False

You can NOT have a probability of type 1 error what the null hypothesis is false

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18
Q

When is the p-value calculated?

A

After research

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19
Q

What is the formal definition of a p-value?

A

Probability of observing a value more extreme than actual value observed, if the null hypothesis is true

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20
Q

If the p-value is less than or equal to alpha, we ___ the null hypothesis

A

If the p-value is less than or equal to alpha, we REJECT the null hypothesis

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21
Q

If the p-value is greater than or equal to alpha, we ___ the null hypothesis

A

If the p-value is greater than or equal to alpha, we ACCEPT the null hypothesis

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22
Q

If we “fail to reject” (accept) Ho, we attribute any

observed difference to ____ only

A

If we “fail to reject” (accept) Ho, we attribute any

observed difference to sampling error only

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23
Q

We don’t interpret non-significant differences as “__”

maybe not even as “trends”

A

• We don’t interpret non-significant differences as “real” (maybe not even as “trends”)

24
Q

We understand that a non-significant difference is

attributable only to __.

A

We understand that a non-significant difference is

attributable only to chance.

25
How do you use confidence intervals for hypothesis testing?
Look at the 95% CI of the mean difference, and evaluate whether or not it includes zero
26
If the confidence interval includes 0, it is ____ in hypothesis testing
If the confidence interval includes 0, it is *nonsignificant* in hypothesis testing
27
If the confidence interval excludes 0, it is ____ in hypothesis testing
If the confidence interval excludes 0, it is *significant* in hypothesis testing
28
What is the benefit of a CI over a p-value when hypothesis testing?
CIs give an estimate of effect size
29
P-values and CIs tells us about ___ not ____
P-values and CIs tells us about *statistical significance not clinical significance*
30
What is statistical power?
The probability of finding a statistically significant difference if such a difference exists in the real world
31
What are the main things that affect the statistical power of a study?
- Alpha - Effect size - Variance - Sample size
32
Increasing alpha will ___ power
Increasing alpha will *increase* power
33
An effect size is known as the ____
An effect size is known as the *mean difference*
34
What is standardized effect size?
The mean difference divided by the variance
35
___ is the spread of scores
*Variance* is the spread of scores
36
Increasing the effect size will ___the power
Increasing the effect size will *increase* the power
37
Increasing the sample size will ___the power
Increasing the sample size will *increase* the power
38
___ is the best way to increase statistical power
*Sample size* is the best way to increase statistical power
39
Increasing variance will ___ power
Increasing variance will *decrease* power
40
What are the things that will decrease power?
- Decreased alpha - Decreased effect size - Increased variance - Decreased sample size
41
What are the two types of power analysis?
- Power a priori | - Power post-hoc
42
What is power a priori?
A power analysis done before we collect data, to determine if the design is powerful enough
43
What is power post-hoc?
Power analysis done after the research is complete by the consumers to find if there was enough power/ if they failed to reject the null hypothesis
44
If a difference is found post-hoc/the null hypothesis was rejected, then the power issue is ___
If a difference is found post-hoc/the null hypothesis was accepted/fail to reject, then the power issue is *moot/not a problem*
45
If a difference not is found post-hoc/the null hypothesis was accepted/fail to reject, then the power issue is ___ and you have to do a ___
If a difference not is found post-hoc/the null hypothesis was accepted/fail to reject, then the power issue is *huge* and you have to do a *post-hoc analysis*
46
A priori is used to figure out how many subjects to use ___
A priori is used to figure out how many subjects to use *before a study is started*
47
What is the minimal accepted power during power a priori?
0.8
48
What are the 2 ways to determine a post doc analysis?
1. Compute with traditional cohen approach | 2. Determine with confidence interval analysis of effect size
49
What is involved in computing the post doc analysis with the traditional approach?
``` • Continuous scale result: 0.0 – 1.0 ( > 0.8 is default) • Based on: • Sample size • Alpha • Variance (observed) • Effect size (use MCID, not observed) ```
50
____ is the better way to determine the post hoc analysis, while with ____, the answer will probably be the same as a priori
*Determine with confidence interval analysis of effect size* is the better way to determine the post hoc analysis, while with *compute with traditional cohen approach*, the answer will probably be the same as a priori
51
If the MCID is excluded from the CI, then it is definitively negative and ___ powered
If the MCID is excluded from the CI, then it is definitively negative and *adequately* powered
52
If the MCID is included from the CI, then it is not definitive and ___ powered
If the MCID is included from the CI, then it is not definitive and *inadequately* powered/ underpowered
53
A two tailed testis testing to see ____
A two tailed testis testing to see *if your calculated value is either above or below where it is expected to be*
54
A one tailed test is testing to see if ____ or ___
A one tailed test is testing to see if *your calculated value is above where it's expected to be or below where it is expected to be*
55
___ is the assumption you're beginning with and is opposite of what you're testing
*Null hypothesis(H0)* is the assumption you're beginning with and is opposite of what you're testing
56
___ is the claim you're testing
*Alternating hypothesis* is the claim you're testing

EBP 2 (7 decks)

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