Week 2

Question 1

Protection of participants in a study such that even the researcher can- not link individuals with the information provided.

Answer 1

Anonymity

Question 2

A fundamental ethical principle that seeks to prevent harm and exploitation of, and maximize benefits for, study participants.

Answer 2

Beneficiance

Question 3

A written agreement signed by a study participant and a researcher concerning the terms and conditions of voluntary participation in a study.

Answer 3

consent form

Question 4

In a qualitative study, an ongoing, transactional process of negotiating consent with study participants, allowing them to play a collaborative role in the decision making regarding their continued participation

Answer 4

process consent

Question 5

Protection of participants in a study such that individual identities are not linked to information provided and are never publicly divulged.

Answer 5

confidentiality

Question 6

The relative costs and benefits, to an individual subject and to society at large, of participation in a study; also, the relative costs and benefits of implementing an innovation.

Answer 6

risk/benefit assessment

Question 7

A group established within Canadian universities, hospitals, and other institutions where research is conducted to ensure that ethical principles are applied to research involving human subjects

Answer 7

Research Ethics Board (REB)

Question 8

was adopted in 1964 by the World Medical Assembly and most recently revised in 2000; is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community

Answer 8

Declaration of Helsinki

Question 9

Ex. Children, mentally or emotionally disabled people, and others who are unable to understand information or appreciate the consequences of participation.

Answer 9

vulnerable person

Question 10

The communication of complete information to potential study participants about the nature of the study, the right to refuse participation, and the likely risks and benefits that would be incurred.

Answer 10

full disclosure

Question 11

means that prospective participants have the right to decide voluntarily whether to participate in a study, without the risk of incurring adverse consequences. Also means that participants have the right to ask questions, to refuse to give information, and to withdraw from the study.

Answer 11

self-determination

Question 12

Consent to participate in a study that a researcher assumes has been given based on certain actions of the participant (such as returning a completed questionnaire).

Answer 12

implied consent

Question 13

An ethical principle that requires researchers to obtain the voluntary participation of subjects, after informing them of possible risks and benefits.

Answer 13

informed consent

Question 14

is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation developed in 1949 after the Nazi atrocities were made public

Answer 14

Nuremberg code

Question 15

guidelines used to protect human subjects in all types of research. Articulates 8 guiding ethical principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based.

Answer 15

Tri-Council Policy

Question 16

includes the principles of beneficence, respect for human dignity and justice.

Answer 16

Belmont Report

Question 17

Special groups of people whose rights in research studies need special protection because of their inability to provide meaningful informed consent or because their circumstances place them at higher-than-average risk of adverse effects

Answer 17

vulnerable group

Question 18

The fundamental ethical principles established by a discipline or institution to guide researchers’ conduct in research with human (or animal) subjects.

Answer 18

code of ethics

Question 19

The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment (or independent variable), rather than extraneous factors, is responsible for observed effects.

Answer 19

internal validity

Question 20

The degree to which study results can be generalized to settings or samples other than the one studied.

Answer 20

external validity

Question 21

A nonexperimental research design involving the comparison of a “case” (i.e., a person with the condition under scrutiny, such as lung cancer) and a matched control (a similar person without the condition).

Answer 21

case control design

Question 22

A kind of trend study that focuses on a specific subpopulation (which is often an age-related subgroup) from which different samples are selected at different points in time (e.g., the cohort of nursing students who graduated between 2005 and 2009).

Answer 22

cohort design

Question 23

A study design in which data are collected at one point in time; sometimes used to infer change over time when data are collected from different age or developmental groups

Answer 23

cross sectional design

Question 24

The degree to which an instrument measures the construct under investigation.

Answer 24

construct validity

Question 25

The degree to which the items in an instrument adequately represent the universe of content for the concept being measured.

Answer 25

content validity

Question 26

The degree to which scores on an instrument are correlated with some external criterion.

Answer 26

criterion validity

Question 27

The extent to which a measuring instrument looks as though it is measuring what it purports to measure

Answer 27

face validity

Question 28

A study involving an intervention in which subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment conditions, but the researcher exercises certain controls to enhance the study’s internal validity.

Answer 28

quasi-experiment

Question 29

Assessment of the stability of an instrument by correlating the scores obtained on repeated administrations.

Answer 29

test-retest

Question 30

The degree to which two raters or observers, operating independently, assign the same ratings or values for an attribute being measured or observed.

Answer 30

inter-rate reliability

Question 31

The degree to which the subparts of an instrument are all measuring the same attribute or dimension, as a measure of the instrument’s reliability.

Answer 31

internal consistency

Question 32

Subjects in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment and whose performance provides a baseline against which the effects of the treatment can be measured

Answer 32

control (comparison) group

Question 33

the group that receives an experimental treatment or manipulation

Answer 33

intervention group

Question 34

Research that explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher.

Answer 34

correlational study

Question 35

A study designed to collect data at more than one point in time, in contrast to a cross-sectional study.

Answer 35

longitudinal study

Question 36

A full experimental test of a new treatment, involving random assignment to treatment groups and, typically, a large and diverse sample

Answer 36

RCT

Question 37

A system of classifying measurements according to the nature of the quantitative information and the type of mathematical operations to which they are amenable; the four levels are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Answer 37

levels of measurement

Question 38

The process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population.

Answer 38

sampling

Question 39

A study design that begins with the manifestation of the dependent variable in the present (e.g., lung cancer) and then searches for the presumed cause occurring in the past (e.g., cigarette smoking)

Answer 39

retrospective design

Question 40

A study design that begins with an examination of presumed causes (e.g., cigarette smoking) and then goes forward in time to observe presumed effects (e.g., lung cancer).

Answer 40

prospective

Question 41

A composite measure of attitudes involving the summation of scores on a set of items that are rated by respondents for their degree of agreement or disagreement.

Answer 41

likert rating scale

Question 42

A small-scale version, or trial run, done in preparation for a major study.

Answer 42

pilot testing

Question 43

The effect on the dependent variable resulting from subjects’ awareness that they are participants under study.

Answer 43

Hawthorne effect

Question 44

A question in an interview or questionnaire that does not restrict respondents’ answers to preestablished alternatives.

Answer 44

open-ended questions

Question 45

A question that offers respondents a set of mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive alternative response options, from which the one most closely approximating the “right” answer must be chosen.

Answer 45

closed-ended questions

Question 46

A method of gathering self- report information from respondents through self-administration of questions in a paper-and-pencil or computerized format.

Answer 46

questionnaire