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BMS1042 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

differential bias

A

when there are errors in the exposure measurement that influence the event of interest

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2
Q

nondifferential bias

A

errors in the measurement of exposure are proportionally the same in all groups of interest

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3
Q

Clinical outcomes

A

measure treatment efficacy

represent professional or provider perspective

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4
Q

Economic outcomes

A

measure health-resource utilisation

represent societal perspective

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5
Q

Humanistic outcomes

A

measure impact of the disease and treatment
represent patient’s perspective
HRQoL

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6
Q

HRQoL

A

health related quality of life

individuals impact of disease and treatment, specifically the capacity to perform ADLs

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7
Q

mortality rate

A

incidence rate of fatal cases/total population at risk

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8
Q

crude death rate

A

number of deaths/number of persons at risk of dying

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9
Q

age-specific death rate

A

death rate for specific group of population

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10
Q

proportionate mortality

A

number of deaths from a given cause, per 100 or 1000 total deaths

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11
Q

infant mortality

A

rate of death in children during the first year of life

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12
Q

life expectancy

A

average number of years an individual of given age is expected to live if current mortality rates continue

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13
Q

age-standardised death rate

A

summary measure of death rate that a population would have if it had a standard age structure

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14
Q

cumulative incidence

A

number of new events in a specific period/number of people exposed to risk

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15
Q

prevalence

A

number of people with disease or condition at specified time/number of people in the population at risk at the specified time

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16
Q

acute

A

incidence

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17
Q

chronic

A

prevalence

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18
Q

case fatality

A

number of deaths from diagnosed cases in a given period/number of diagnosed cases of the disease in the same period x 100

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19
Q

person years

A

an estimate of the actual time at risk in years of all persons that contributed to the study

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20
Q

DALY

A

years of life lost (YLL) + years lost to disability (YLD)

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21
Q

YLL

A

number of deaths (N) x standard life expectancy at age of death in years (L)

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22
Q

YLD

A

number of incident cases (I) x disability weight (DW) x average duration of the case until remission of death (L)

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23
Q

Cumulative incidence

A

number of new events in a specified period / number of persons exposed to risk during this period

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24
Q

incidence rate

A

new cases in a defined period / total person years of disease in these people

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25
prevalence
number of people with disease or condition at specified time / number of people in the population at risk of the specified time
26
RR used for
prospective studies: RCTs, cohort studies, cross sectional studies
27
RR
``` ratio of the probability of an event occurring in an exposed group to the probability of an event occurring in a unexposed group cumulative incidence (absolute risk) exposed / cumulative incidence (absolute risk) unexposed ```
28
RR=1
no difference in risk
29
RR>1
increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group
30
RR<1
reduced risk in the exposed group
31
AR aka
risk difference
32
AR
cumulative incidence exposed - cumulative incidence unexposed
33
ARP
(risk in exposed group- risk in unexposed group) / risk in exposed group x 100
34
PAR
incidence in general population - incidence in unexposed group
35
PAR%
(incidence in general population - incidence in unexposed group) / incidence in general population x 100
36
OR
retrospective studies: case control | ad/bc
37
HR
Hazard in the intervention group / hazard in the control group
38
HR=1
same amount of individuals experience the event in the intervention and control group
39
HR=2
two times the number of individuals in the intervention group are experiencing the event compared to the control group
40
HR=0.5
Half the number of individuals in the intervention group are experiencing the event compared to the control group
41
morbidity rate
incidence rate of nonfatal cases of a disease in the total population at risk during a specified time period measured by DALY
42
point prevalence
prevalence literally at one point in time (e.g. right now)
43
period prevalence
prevalence measured over a (short) period of time (e.g. over the last year)
44
incidence
new cases in a defined period/ total person time (person years) of follow up
45
Converting RR to %:RR >1
(RR-1)X100 | _% increase in risk
46
Converting RR to %: RR<1
(1-RR) x 100 | _% decrease in risk
47
BP: 25th percentile or first quartile
the value below which the smallest 25% of observations fall and 75% of observations fall above it.
48
BP: 75th percentile or third quartile
the value where the 25% of observations fall above and 75% fall below it.
49
length of lower whisker
Q1-1.5xIQR
50
length of upper whisker
Q3+1.5xIQR
51
Parameter
data based on an entire population
52
gross pathology autopsy
Generally reserved for deaths that are unexpected, difficult to explain or suspicious
53
verbal autopsy
Technique used predominantly in the developing world where gross pathology autopsy is not possible
54
death certificates
Coroner assigns a cause of death after examination of the deceased
55
psychological autopsy
investigating the “true” cause of death in case of suicide
56
Absolute risk aka
baseline risk
57
absolute risk
number of outcome in group/number of total in group
58
absolute risk reduction
absolute risk exposed- absolute risk unexposed | intervention lowered risk by _
59
RR reduction (RR)
100- RR% | intervention reduces RR of outcome by _
60
AR ending
per 100 person years
61
if the variable was collected from a randomly selected sample
then the variable will also be a random variable
62
for norm dist
mean and SD
63
For anything skewed
median and IQR
64
for comparing two groups
median and IQR
65
segments of a pie chart arranged
descending order in clockwise direction

BMS1042 (10 decks)

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