week 2- acute inflammation

Question 1

2 types of immune responses

Answer 1

innate, adaptive

Question 2

main differences between innate and adaptive

Answer 2

innate: always ready, recognizes broad group of threats, does not have memory
adaptive: highly specific, recognize specific molecules, memory

Question 3

players involved in innate immunity

Answer 3

macrophage, dendritic cell, neutrophil, eosinophil, mast cell, NKC

Question 4

what are the 5 R’s

Answer 4

1. recognition
2. recruitment
3. removal
4. regulation
5. resolution

Question 5

c3 of the complement system results in what 3 actions?

Answer 5

1. recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes
2. opsonization for phagocytosis
3. membrane attack complex

Question 6

What is involved in recognition in innate immunity

Answer 6

PRR and PAMPs/DAMPs

Question 7

What do PRR bind to ?

Answer 7

PAMPs/DAMPs

Question 8

Where are PRR located

Answer 8

surface of cell, inside cell membrane, or soluble

Question 9

How does Recognition of innate immunity work?

Answer 9

If pathogen sensed, PRR binds to it and produces cytokines and interferons which tell the body to produce immunity/reaction

Question 10

an example of innate immunity recruitment

Answer 10

neutrophil recruitment

Question 11

how does recruitment of innate immunity work?

Answer 11

-the cytokines will act on the endothelium of blood vessel and inflammatory cells.
-mast cells will release granules and histamine when sense danger or bind complement
-histamine stimulates inflam cells which react and allow the appropriate cells to move to the site of insult

Question 12

4 steps of neutrophil recruitment

Answer 12

1. margination
2. rolling
3. firm adhesion
4. transmigration

Question 13

3 main killing mechanisms of innate immunity removal?

Answer 13

intracellular killing
extracellular secretion and effectors
direct cell mediated killing of damaged/infected cells

Question 14

example of intracellular killing

Answer 14

phagocytosis

Question 15

4 steps of phagocytosis

Answer 15

1.detect
2. receptor signaling
3. internalization
4. destruction

Question 16

3 parts of extracellular secretion and effectors

Answer 16

1. degranulation
2. contents of granules released into extracellular space
3. neutrophil extracellular traps

Question 17

what is involved in degranulation

Answer 17

neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells

Question 18

what is involved when the contents of granules are released into extracellular space?

Answer 18

-defensins
-proteolytic enzymes
-deployed inside PMN by fusion with phagosomes
-deploy extracellularly as well

Question 19

what is involved in a Neutrophil extracellular trap?

Answer 19

-composed primarily of neutrophil DNA
-binds pathogens
-disarm them with antimicrobial proteins
-physical barrier
-minimize damage to host cells

Question 20

what is involved in direct cell mediated killing of damaged/infected cells?

Answer 20

control of natural killer cells

Question 21

what are natural killer cells

Answer 21

-perforin forms pores in plasma membrane
-granzyme enters via perforin pores
-activates apoptosis, cleaves many things
-very controlled

Question 22

how do we control NKCs

Answer 22

remove the inhibitor and bind the activator to release killing enzymes

Question 23

2 categories of inflammation

Answer 23

acute, chronic

Question 24

what happens during acute inflammation

Answer 24

-dilation of small blood vessels
-increase vascular permeability
-emigration of leukocytes
-minutes to days

Question 25

what happens during chronic inflammation?

Answer 25

-infiltration with mononuclear cells -tissue destruction -attempts at healing -days to years

Question 26

what are cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 26

-rubor -tumor -calor -dolor -functio laesa

Question 27

what part of acute inflammation is the fluidic phase

Answer 27

1. dilation of small blood vessels 2. increased vascular permeability

Question 28

what part of acute inflammation is the cellular phase

Answer 28

3. emigration of leukocytes from vasculature

Question 29

what happens during dilation of small blood vessels?

Answer 29

-changes in blood -vasodilation (involves arterioles, opening of new capillary beds) -results in increased blood flow (erythema)

Question 30

what happens during increased vascular permeability?

Answer 30

-hallmark of acute inflammation -post capillary venules -allows plasma proteins and leukocytes to reach sites of infection -early fluid leakage is low protein, low cellularity -both increase as response increases

Question 31

what are mechanisms of vascular permeability

Answer 31

retraction of endothelial cells endothelial injury leukocyte mediated vascular injury increased transcytosis

Question 32

what happens during vasodilation microvascular permeability

Answer 32

-loss of fluid and increased vessel diameter (-results in slower blood flow -conc of red cells -increased blood viscosity) -leads to venous stasis -congestion (redness) -leukocytes come out of laminar flow to contact endothelium

Question 33

what causes redness and heat in acute inflammation?

Answer 33

vasodilation, stasis, hemoconcentration

Question 34

what is transudate?

Answer 34

-extravascular fluid with low protein content, low SG, and few cells -clear, thin, effusions, and edema

Question 35

what causes transudate fluid leakage?

Answer 35

leaky vessels retraction of endothelial cells due to increased histamines

Question 36

what is exudate protein leakage?

Answer 36

endothelial gaps get bigger and more proteins and cells leak out making the fluid more cloudy and viscous -low protein, SG, and increased cells

Question 37

what is fibrin?

Answer 37

-an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during the clotting of blood, it forms a fibrous mesh that impedes the flow of blood -made in liver -forms friable, threads, and plaques during acute inflammations

Question 38

how is fibrin formed

Answer 38

thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 39

what components occur during the cellular phase of acute inflammation (recruitment) ?

Answer 39

-deliver leukocytes to site of injury -allows for removal -leukocyte adhesion cascade

Question 40

what is involved in leukocyte adhesion cascade

Answer 40

margination rolling stable (tight) adhesions transmigration

Question 41

what is cellular exudate?

Answer 41

-viscous, opaque -may have flecks of fibrin, pockets of fluid -cells recruited to site of injury -can remove damage -neutrophils=pus, suppurative

Question 42

what causes redness

Answer 42

increased blood flow and vascular permeability

Question 43

what causes heat

Answer 43

increased blood flow

Question 44

what causes swelling

Answer 44

edema, and cell accumulation

Question 45

what causes pain

Answer 45

damage to tissue, release of mediators of inflammation

Question 46

what causes loss of function

Answer 46

due to pain and tissue damage