mediators of local/systemic inflammation- week 2

Question 1

what are cytokines

Answer 1

proteins produced by many types of cells that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions

Question 2

what cytokines are in acute inflammation

Answer 2

TNF, IL-1, Chemokines, IL-17

Question 3

What cytokines are in chronic inflammation

Answer 3

IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-17

Question 4

what are principle sources of TNF

Answer 4

macrophages, mast cells, T cells

Question 5

what are principle sources of IL-1

Answer 5

macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells

Question 6

what are principle sources of chemokines

Answer 6

macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells, mast cells

Question 7

what are principle sources of IL-17

Answer 7

T cells

Question 8

what is the action of TNF

Answer 8

stimulated expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, release of other chemokines, has systemic effects

Question 9

what are principle actions of IL-1

Answer 9

similar to TNF

Question 10

what are principle actions of chemokines

Answer 10

leukocyte recruitment

Question 11

what are principle actions of IL-17

Answer 11

neutrophil, and monocyte recruitment

Question 12

what are cytokines of chronic inflammation

Answer 12

IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-17

Question 13

what are principle sources of IL-12

Answer 13

dendritic cells, macrophages

Question 14

what are principle sources of IFN-gamma

Answer 14

T cells, NK cells

Question 15

what are principle sources of IL-17

Answer 15

T cells

Question 16

what are principle actions of IL-12

Answer 16

increased production of IFN-gamma

Question 17

what are principle actions of IFN-gamma

Answer 17

increased ability of macrophages to kill microbes and tumor cells

Question 18

what are principle actions of IL-17

Answer 18

neutrophil and monocyte recruitment

Question 19

other ________ of inflammation work in concert with cytokines

Answer 19

mediators

Question 20

arachidonic acid is derived from_______

Answer 20

cell membranes

Question 21

___________ or release of other mediators causes release of AA from cell membrane

Answer 21

injury/irritation

Question 22

active AA is released via _________

Answer 22

cleavage by phospholipases

Question 23

AA is further metabolized to create 2 classes of enzymes

Answer 23

cyclooxygenase
lipoxygenase

Question 24

what does cyclooxygenase generate

Answer 24

prostaglandin

Question 25

what does lipoxygenase produce

Answer 25

leukotrienes and lipoxins

Question 26

drugs that inhibit enzymes that are responsible for creating AA metabolites are used to treat________

Answer 26

inflammation

Question 27

_______ act on phospholipases

Answer 27

steroids

Question 28

AA metabolites have what response

Answer 28

vascular reactions, leukocyte chemotaxis (vasodilation/vasoconstriction/leukocyte adhesion, inhibition of neutrophil adhesion, CHEMOTAXIS)

Question 29

systemic effects aka

Answer 29

acute phase response

Question 30

examples of systemic effects

Answer 30

fever elevated levels of acute phase proteins leukocytosis

Question 31

which molecules are involved in systemic inflammation effects?

Answer 31

AA metabolites: leukotrienes, prostaglandins Cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, TNF)

Question 32

Cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF) mediate _______

Answer 32

leukocyte recruitment and migration

Question 33

substances that induce fever:

Answer 33

exogenous substances (LPS) endogenous substances (IL-1, TNF)

Question 34

exogenous substances that cause fever cause cells to release _______

Answer 34

endogenous substances (IL-1, TNF)

Question 35

IL-1 and TNF upregulate

Answer 35

cyclooxygenases

Question 36

cyclooxygenases synthesize

Answer 36

prostaglandin

Question 37

prostaglandins are released by ______ and stimulate the release of neurotransmitters that reset the body's temp to a higher level

Answer 37

hypothalamus

Question 38

in fever, temp reset is via _________ and by increasing heat production via _________

Answer 38

vasoconstriction (reduce heat loss) effect on brown fat and skeletal muscle

Question 39

most plasma proteins are synthesized in the

Answer 39

liver

Question 40

examples of plasma proteins

Answer 40

C reactive protein fibroinogen serum amyloid A

Question 41

CRP is simulated by

Answer 41

IL-6

Question 42

fibrinogen is stimulated by

Answer 42

IL-6

Question 43

SAA is stimulated by

Answer 43

IL-1 or TNF

Question 44

SAA and CRP may act as opsonins by

Answer 44

binding to bacterial walls or interact with complement -may bind chromatin (helps clear necrotic cells) -CRP levels measured to detect inflammation

Question 45

fibrinogen binds to RBC and causes them to form ______ which causes blood to _________

Answer 45

stacks sediment faster

Question 46

leukocytosis initially occurs because of

Answer 46

increased release of granulocytes from bone marrow

Question 47

fast mobilization causes

Answer 47

increased immature cells - left shift

Question 48

neutrophilia means

Answer 48

bacterial infections

Question 49

lymphocytophilia means

Answer 49

viral infections

Question 50

eosinophilia menas

Answer 50

allergies and parasitic infections

Question 51

other systemic effects besides fever

Answer 51

inc. HR and BP decreased heat loss shiver, chills, anorexia, sleepiness

Question 52

what causes septic shock

Answer 52

high levels of bacterial products induce large amounts of cytokines (TNF, IL-1) this causes hypotensive shock, blood clot disorders

Question 53

what is secondary amyloidosis

Answer 53

prolonged production of SAA leads to deposits of misfolded SAA proteins causes tissue disfunction

Question 54

AA metabolites can be pro or anti inflammatory

Answer 54

true

Question 55

IL-17 is important in neutrophil recruitment

Answer 55

true

Question 56

T cells are the principle source of all but which mediator

Answer 56

IL-1

Question 57

the production of CRP is stimulated by IL-1

Answer 57

false