Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Infectious Disease > Week 2: Basics of virology > Flashcards

Week 2: Basics of virology Flashcards

1
Q

How are viruses replicated in the lab?

A

Cell culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are viruses classified as?

A

Obligate intracellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lytic vs pathogenic

A

lysis= Cell death and release of the virus

latent = limited viral synthesis but no cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein shell

released from cell by lysis and capsids are environmentally stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a naked virus?

A

Virus that only contains a capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Viruses that contain an envelope

A

have a host cell membrane around the capsid and are more environmentally labile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Viral membrane glycopeptides

A

helpful for strain identification and are targets for neutralizing Antibodies

Also, act in viral attaching for tropism

Determine virulence and host tropism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe a viral infection by steps

A
  1. Recognize cell for which it has tropism
  2. Attachment
  3. Penetration
  4. Uncoating
  5. Transcription
  6. Protein synthesis
  7. Replication
  8. Assembly
  9. Lysis & release (cell-to-cell release/movement across tight junctions for local spread)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stages of viral infection replication

A
  • Primary replication
  • Systemic spread
  • Secondary replication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stages of viral infection

A
  • Prodrome - before symptoms
  • Disease
  • Convalescence (period of getting better)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the immune reaction to viruses

A

Acute infection - after week 1 controlled by IgM

Chronic infection - cell-mediated immunity

Vaccinations for prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the innate immune response to viruses

A
  • Macrophages recognize viral RNA
  • Release antiviral cytokines (INF-α, β which interfere with viral replication and increase expression of MHC-1)
  • NK cells kill viral infected cells
  • Complement enhances phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the adaptive immune response to viruses

A

Humoral

  • Neutralization of viruses (how vaccines work)
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • Complement activation

Cell-mediated

  • CD8 kill viral-infected cells via MHC-1
  • CD4 Th1 activate phagocytes, promote B cell & CTL responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to diagnose a viral infection

A
  • Virus cell culture
  • Antigen detection (ie EIA, DFA)
  • Molecular diagnosis (ie PCR)
  • Serology (IgM, IgG)
  • Electron microscopy
  • Histology (eg CMV inclusion bodies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antivirals considerations

A

Consider the 9 stages of a viral infection upon where to attack the virus

  1. Recognize cell for which it has tropism
  2. Attachment
  3. Penetration
  4. Uncoating
  5. Transcription
  6. Protein synthesis (INF; ribaviron)
  7. Replication (nucleoside analogues)
  8. Assembly (protease inhibitors)
  9. Lysis & release (neuraminidase inhibitors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Antivirals that act at the uncoating stage?

A
  • Amantidine
  • Rimantidine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Uncoating stage antivirals moa

A
  • Bind to M2 protein of influenza A
  • Most influenza A are now resistant to amantidine & Rimantidine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Amantidine Class

A

Uncoating stage antivirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rimantidine class

A

Uncoating stage antivirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Uncoating stage antivirals side effects

A

Anticholinergic side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ADE AKA

A

Adverse Drug Event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Antivirals acting at the transcription and/or protein synthesis stage

A
  • Ribaviron
  • Interferon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antivirals acting at transcription and/or protein synthesis stage MOA

A

Ribaviron: Blocks RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Antivirals acting at transcription and/or protein synthesis stage used for

A

Interferon rarely used but ribaviron still used for the treatment of HCV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Antivirals that are nucleoside analogues 5 listed
* (Val)acyclovir * Famciclovir * (Val)ganciclovir * Foscarnet * Cidofovir
26
(Val) prefix
oral form
27
(Val)Acyclovir MOA
Viral thymadine kinase phosphorylates acyclovir (1st time; host then does times 2&3) so can actively inhibit viral DNA synthesis HSV, VZV,
28
(Val)Acyclovir ADE
* Nephrotoxicity * alteration or absent/deficient TK or altered viral DNA polymerase
29
Famciclovir MOA
prodrug of penciclovir HSV VZV
30
Famciclovir ADE
* alteration or absent/deficient TK or altered viral DNA polymerase
31
(Val)ganciclovir MOA
Phosphorylated by viral TK in HSV and viral phosphotransferase (encoded by UL97) by CMV drug of choice for CMV also active against HSV, VZV
32
(Val)ganciclovir ADE
* bone marrow suppression * mutation of UL97 or viral DNA polymerase
33
Foscarnet MOA
does not require phosphorylation like ganciclovir-R CMV
34
Foscarnet ADE
* Nephrotoxicity * bone marrow suppression * low K/Mg * altered viral DNA polymerase
35
Cidofovir MOA
fully phosphorylated by host enzumes so independent of TK acyclovir-R HSV ganciclovir-R CMV
36
Cidofovir ADE
* bone marrow suppression * renal tubular acidosis
37
Antiviral that act at the assembly stage MOA
Protease inhibitors
38
Antiviral that act at the assembly stage clinical use
Used for treatment of HIV & chronic HCV
39
Antivirals that act at the lysis & release stage
Neuraminidase inhibitors: * Oseltamivir * Zanamivir
40
Antivirals that act at the lysis & release stage MOA
Inhibit release of Influenza A&B
41
Antivirals that act at the lysis & release stage ADE
Zanamivir can cause bronchospasm
42
Zanamivir dose type
inhalation
43
Types of DNA viruses
Naked & Enveloped
44
Types of RNA viruses 3 listed
* single-stranded negative-sense (all enveloped) * Double-stranded segmented (all naked) * Single-stranded positive-sense (some naked and some enveloped)
45
DNA viruses rules
* All DNA viruses are double-stranded (Except Parvo Virus) * Transcription occurs in the nucleus (except Poxviruses where replication occurs in the cytoplasm) * All contain DNA polymerase (except Parvo, Papilloma, polyoma viruses)
46
Parvo virus type
Single-stranded naked DNA virus
47
Poxvirus replication occurs where
Occurs in the cytoplasm
48
Caveats of Parvo virus
* single-stranded DNA virus * Don't contain DNA polymerase
49
DNA viruses that do not contain DNA polymerase
* Parvo Virus * Papilloma Virus * Polyoma Virus
50
Naked DNA viruses
4 families * Parvovirus B-19 * Adenovirus * Papillomavirus HPV * Polyoma Virus (JC, BK)
51
Parvovirus B-19 type
Single-stranded linear naked DNA virus
52
Parvovirus B-19 Dx
* PCR * IgM * IgG
53
Adenovirus type
DS linear Naked DNA Virus
54
Adenovirus Dx
NP DFA/PCR
55
Papillomavirus HPV virus type
DS circular Naked DNA
56
Papillomavirus HPV Dx
?
57
Polyoma virus type
DS circular Naked DNA virus
58
Polyomavirus Dx
PCR
59
JC virus type
polyoma virus
60
BK virus type
polyoma virus
61
Hepadnavirus type Hepatitis B virus
DS circular enveloped DNA virus Vaccine preventable
62
Poxviridae virus type
DS linear enveloped DNA virus
63
Examples of Poxviridae viruses
* Molluscum contagiosum * Smallpox
64
Herpesviridae virus examples
* HSV 1 * HSV 2 * VZV * EBV * CMV * HHV6 * HHV7 * HHV8
65
Herpesviridae virus types
DS linear enveloped DNA virus Latent
66
Herpesviridae virus Dx
DFA PCR IgM \> Cx
67
Herpesviridae virus Tx
Nucleoside inhibitors
68
HSV1 viruse type
Herpesviridae DS linear enveloped DNA virus
69
HSV 2 virus type
Herpesviridae DS linear enveloped DNA virus
70
VZV virus type
Herpesviridae DS linear enveloped DNA virus
71
EBV virus type
* Herpesviridae * DS linear enveloped DNA virus
72
CMV virus type
Herpesviridae DS linear enveloped DNA virus
73
HHV6 virus type
Herpesviridae DS linear enveloped DNA virus
74
HHV7 virus type
Herpesviridae DS linear enveloped DNA virus
75
HHV8 virus type
* Herpesviridae * DS linear enveloped DNA virus
76
Features of SS negative-sense RNA viruses
Require RNA-dependent RNA polymerase All are enveloped
77
Categories of SS negative-sense RNA viruses
* Filoviridae * Bunyaviridae * Rhabdoviridae * Orthomyxoviridae * Paromyxovirdae
78
Filoviridae examples
Ebola
79
Bunyaviridae examples
Hanta virus
80
Rhabdoviridae examples
Rabies
81
Orthomyxoviridae examples
* Influenza A * Influenza B
82
Paromyxoviridae examples
* Measles * Mumps * parainfluenzae * RSV * Human metapneumovirus
83
Paromyxoviridae Dx
**Measles, Mumps** * Dx: IgM **parainfluenzae, RSV, Human metapneumovirus** * Dx: NP swab, BAL
84
Orthomyxoviridae Dx
NP swab BAL for DFA or PCR
85
Orthomyxoviridae Tx
Neuraminidase inhibitors
86
Features of SS positive-sense RNA
Act as mRNA Bind to ribosome for direct protein synthesis Either naked or enveloped
87
Classes of enveloped SS positive-sense RNA viruses
* Togaviridae * Flaviviridae * Coronaviridae * Retroviridae
88
89
Togaviridae examples
Rubella Alphaviruses Eastern equine enceph Western equine enceph Chikungunya
90
Flaviviridae examples
WNV St. Louis encephalitis Yellow fever Dengue Hep C Virus
91
Flaviviridae Dx
* Serology * PCR
92
Coronaviridae examples
SARS MERS-CoV
93
Retroviridae contain
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
94
Retroviridae examples
HIV HTLV-1
95
Retroviridae Dx
HIV Dx: Ab HTLV-1 Dx: ?
96
Retroviridae Tx
HIV Tx: HAART HTLV Tx: ?

Infectious Disease (82 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions