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NSB236 > Week 2: Cancer Care > Flashcards

Week 2: Cancer Care Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What is cancer?

A

It is a single cell transformation that does not conform to the regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation and continues to grow

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2
Q

What percentage of diseases does cancer account for in Australia?

A

18%

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3
Q

How do cancer cells grow?

A

Uncontrollably and invade other tissues

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4
Q

Do cancer cells die?

A

No, they are immortal

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5
Q

What does carcinogenesis mean?

A

It is the process that normal cells turn into cancer cells

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6
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

A substance that causes cancer or increases the risk of cancer developing

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7
Q

What are some carcinogenetic factors?

A

Hereditary, hormones, environmental agents, chemical exposure, smoking, alcohol, geography, radiation, older age and bacteria and parasites

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8
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Prevents cancer from developing

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9
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Detecting and treating cancer early

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10
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

It focuses on softening the impact on ongoing illness or injury

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11
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Tumours of skin and mucous membrane

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12
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

Tumours of connective tissue or bone

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13
Q

What is Haematopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cell components

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14
Q

Where is most blood formed?

A

Bone marrow

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15
Q

What is myeloma?

A

Cancer of the plasma cells

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16
Q

What tests are used to diagnose cancer?

A

Blood tests, urine collection, biopsy, excision, bone marrow biopsy, PET, CT, MRI, bone scan, mammography

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17
Q

What are 3 goals for cancer treatment?

A

Cure, control and palliate

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18
Q

What are some nursing considerations in cancer care?

A

risk of infections, AKI, cardiotoxicity

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19
Q

Do normal cells reproduce?

A

Yes in an organised and orderly manner

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20
Q

How do cancer cells reproduce?

A

Ability to grow uncrontrollably

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21
Q

Can cancer cells invade other tissue?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What state do cancer cells remain in?

A

Undifferentiated

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23
Q

What are the two types of cancer treatment filters?

A

Oncology and haematology

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24
Q

What is the difference between oncology and haematology?

A

Oncology is cancer of the tissue/cells and haematology is blood

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25
What is T. N. M in oncology?
It is the way cancer is classificided
26
What does T stand for in cancer classification?
Primary tumour
27
What does N stand for in cancer classification?
Regional lymph nodes
28
What does M stand for in cancer classification?
Distant metastases
29
What are metastases?
The spread of cancer
30
Where is most of the blood formed?
Bone marrow
31
What does haematopoiesis mean?
It is the term for blood cell production
32
What are the two types of lymphoma?
Either non or Hodgkins lymphoma
33
What are the two types of leukemia?
Acute or chronic
34
What is leukemia?
Acute or chronic
35
What are some options for cancer treatment?
Surgery, radiotherapy, systemic therapy, haematopoetic stem cell transplantation and a combination of therapies
36
What are the factors that influence treatment?
The actual tumour, the treatment options and the patients wishes
37
What is radiation therapy?
It is radiation used to hit the cancer cell DNA and breaks it down to kill and shrink tumours
38
What are the side effects of radiation?
Site-specific toxicities, burns, pain, malnutrition, stenosis
39
What is chemotherapy?
It is anti-cancer drugs
40
What cells does chemotherapy effect?
It affects the cells that are rapidly growing
41
Is chemotherapy cytotoxic?
Yes
42
What is TLS?
tumour lysis syndrome
43
What are some nursing considerations for someone having chemotherapy? (Clue what can go wrong)
TLS, bone marrow failure, risk of infection, AKI, cardiotoxicity, haemorrhagic cystitis, hepatotoxicity, mucositis and CNS toxicities
44
What is haemorrhagic cystitis?
Bladder irritation
45
What is mucositis?
Inflammation of the gi tract
46
What is cytotoxic waste management?
It is the safe handling of cytotoxic waste and medication
47
What are targeted therapies in cancer care?
It is targeting the specific cells that are telling the cancer cells to grow so the medication only targets those bad cells
48
What are immunotherapies?
Drugs that manipulate the immune system to kill cancer cells
49
What is stem cell transplantation?
When we give the patient's own improved stem cells given back to the patient
50
What are some access devices for systemic treatments?
PICC, POC, IVP and Hickmans
51
Where do central lines go into?
peripheral veins near heart
52
Where is PICC inserted?
Arm
53
Where is portacatheter inserted?
Chest
54
What does it mean if a word ends in penia?
decreased
55
What is neutropenic sepsis?
Someone with a high temperature and an extremely low neutrophil count and they have an infection
56
What is tumour lysis syndrome?
It is when the patient has a high dose of chemotherapy cells bust and the contents goes into the bloodstream which is shown in blood tests
57
What is tumour lysis syndrome?
It is when the patient has a high dose of chemotherapy cells bust and the contents go into the bloodstream which is shown in blood tests
58
Where in the cell does cancer begin to form?
Nucleus
59
What are some clinical signs of ALL in children?
Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropoenia
60
What is thrombocytopenia?
Reduced number of platelets
61
What is neutropenia?
Reduced number of white blood cells
62
What is ALL?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
63
What are some signs and symptoms of ALL in children?
Tired, bruising, low oxygenation, anemia, pale, bleeding, fuzzy head, high heart rate, blood in urine, an dpain
64
What are some investigations for ALL in children?
Chest x-ray, blood chemistry, liver function tests, cerebrospinal fluid and coagulation profile
65
What is Pancytopenia?
Reduction in white and red blood cells and platelets
66
What is gout?
crystalised uric acid
67
What are some treatment side effects?
Tired, stress, anxiety, pain, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, hair loss, anaemia, infections, sore arms
68
What are some interventions for high temp?
Antibiotics, head hygiene, sitting upright,
69
What are interventions for nausea?
Antiemetic
70
What are interventions for bleeding?
Stop bleeding with pressure, platelet medication, give blood products, vitamin K

NSB236 (5 decks)

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