Week 0: Perioperative Flashcards
What are the six classifications of surgical procedures?
Emergency, urgent, diagnostic, elective, palliative and cosmetic
What is emergency surgery?
Needed immediate intervention
What is urgent surgery?
Surgery that is needed within 24-48 hours, if not is it life-threatening
What is diagnostic surgery?
Surgery needed to determine the origin or cause
What is elective surgery?
Surgery for non-acute problem
What is palliative surgery?
Used to relieve symptoms of disease but does not cure
What is cosmetic surgery?
Used to change appearances
What are the three stages of perioperative nursing care?
Pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative.
What is PACU?
Post-anaesthetic care unit
What are risk factors for surgery?
Age, smoking, alcohol, nutritional status, obesity, regular medications
what is the pre-operative stage?
It starts with following the patient’s decision to go ahead with surgery and ends when they go into surgery
What is the purpose of pre-operative nursing care?
Prevent respiratory complications, VTE, and wound infection. Manage the patient’s pain and expectations. Discharge planning and ensure you have the right patient.
What are some patient assessments for peri-operative nursing?
Health history, head-to-toe assessments, vital signs, BGL, GCS, urinalysis, Medications, past medical history, allergies, focused assessment on the day of surgery, ultra sound, MRI, chest X-ray, ECG, pulmonary function tests, and marking of site and limbs
What are some diagnostic assessments and screen tests used in peri-op nursing?
FBC includes Hb, WBC, Blood type and cross match, electrolytes, blood glucose, liver function, renal function, partial blood gas, urinalysis and INR
What are prothrombin and INR?
It is the rate at which blood clots
What does INR stand for?
international normalized ratio
What does an arterial blood gas used for?
Looked at how much oxygen is in the blood
What are some other pre-operative priorities?
Informed consent, shower, shave, gown, cap, removed teeth, jewellery, contact lens and education
What is some patient education for pre-op?
Deep breathing exercises, use stockings, remain NBM, coughing exercises
What are some nursing priorities of care?
Alleviate anxiety, patient advocacy, Safe environment, protect pt from harm, monitoring, infection control and documentation
What are potential complications of surgery?
Hypoventilation, cardiac dysrhythmias, hypotension, hypothermia, oral trauma, peripheral nerve damage, pressure injury
What contributes to hypothermia?
Ambient temp for infection control, use of fluids at room temp, not enough clothes, patient not moving, long procedure
How to prevent hypothermia?
Control room temperature, warm blankets, warm the fluids, monitor the patient body temperature and minimise exposure time
When does the post-operative phase start?
When the patient is in PACU
What is PACU?
Post Anesthesia care unit
What is involved in a PACU assessment?
Handover, Primary Survey (ABCDE), Secondary survey (Head to toe), focus body systems assessment, assess for complications, start post-operative cares
What are post-operative cares?
Deep breathing, coughing exercises, positioning and repositioning, mobilisation of pulmonary secretions, pain management
What does GCS stand for?
Glasgow Coma Scale
What does a nurse navigator do?
They stay with the patient throughout their whole surgical journey
What are the risk factors for surgery?
Age, smoking, alcohol, overweight, other diseases and comorbidities and interactions with current regular medications
What is an important part of pre-op surgery education?
Ted stockings, SKUDS, foot movements, How to cough with a pillow, patient identification methods, how to prevent wound infections (hygiene), discharge planning
What should patients be told about pre-surgery?
Ted stockings, SKUDS, foot movements, How to cough with a pillow, patient identification methods, how to prevent wound infections (hygiene), discharge planning
What does it mean is INR is too high?
That the blood is too thin and there is a risk of bleeding
What does it mean if the INR is too low?
The blood is thick
How to prevent thromboembolisms?
Teds, SCDS, ROM exercises, education, raise legs
How to prevent chest infections?
Deep breathing exercises 5-10 times an hour, coughing/hack exercises every 2 hours,
What are some intra-operative priorities of care?
Alleviate anxiety, advocate for the patient, a safe environment, protect the patient from injury or harm, monitor, infection control and documentation
What does the suffix -ectomy mean?
Removal
What does the suffix -lysis mean?
Destruction of
What does the suffix -orrhaphy mean?
Repair
What does the suffix oscopy mean?
Looking into
What does the suffix -ostomy mean?
Creating of opening into
What does the suffix -otomy mean?
Cutting into or incision
What does the suffix -plasty mean?
Repair or reconstruction
What is a positive psychological factor that can help patients during surgery?
Hope
What is general anesthesia?
Puts the patient to sleep
What is regional anesthesia?
It is a nerve block
What is local anaesthesia?
Only the local area
Can people under spontaneous ventilation general anaesthesia breathe on their own?
Yes
Can people under relaxant general anaesthesia breathe on their own?
No they need an endotracheal tube
What is a CABG?
Coronary artery bypass graft
What does ABCDE stand for?
Airways, breathing, circulation, drips, drains, dressings, everything else
What are some interventions for tongue falling back?
Artificial airway, head tilt
What intervention for retained thick secretions?
Suctioning, deep breathing, coughing, IV hydration and chest physiotherapy
What is pulmonary oedema?
It is fluid overload caused by the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli
How to treat DVT?
Anticoagulant medication, stockings, SCDS, surgical clot removal
How to treat PE?
thrombolytics, blood thinners, compression stockings
