Week 2: Cardiovascular Risk Flashcards
(42 cards)
… is a progressive disease of the large arteries, caused by the local accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements together with inflammation.
Atherosclerosis
T or F
Atherosclerosis is largely “silent” in patients, until a rupture of a plaque occurs, or the total blockage of an artery affects tissues in its vicinity.
T
T or F
The exact causes of atherosclerosis are not clear
T
How is atherosclerosis thought to start?
With damage to the endothelium of an artery
How does plaque form in an artery?
- Damage to the endothelium of an artery
- Cholesterol molecules get trapped and oxidise
- Monocytes from the blood stream navigate to the area
- Stimulation from the oxidised cholesterol turns monocytes into macrophages
- Macrophages eat and digest the cholesterol
- The macrophages change into foam cells
- Foam cells accumulate to form plaque.
T or F
plaque development cannot occur over years as adverse affects will arise well before then
F
plaque development can occur over years
… cells cover the surface of inter-arterial plaque build up, creating a thick, fibrous cap.
smooth muscle
Inter-arterial plaque can be … (there is a thick and fibrous cap covering the deposited lipid pool), or … (plaque that may rupture)
stabilised
vulnerable
Name the three layers of the arteriole
tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia
T or F
Some people can have severe atherosclerosis with no symptoms
T
LDL-C is good/bad cholesterol whilst HDL-C is good/bad cholesterol
bad
good
T or F
Atherosclerosis is thought to be affected equally by both genetics and environment/lifestyle.
T
List some modifiable risk factors to developing atherosclerosis
Elevated LDL-C, reduced HDL-C, diabetes, cigarette smoking, obesity, physical inactivity and hypertension
Cholesterol can be obtained by the body via what two ways?
either a diet of animal tissues or synthesised endogenously by the liver.
T or F
Cholesterol is needed for the absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins from the GI tract.
T
Which lipoprotein has the most free cholesterol?
LDL
Which type of lipoprotein is the largest?
Chylomicrons
What function do high-density lipoproteins (HDL) perform in the body?
move surplus cholesterol back to the liver from tissues for storage or excretion
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are what is formed after VLDL lipoproteins have had their … removed.
triglycerides
Which type of lipoproteins are able to cross dysfunctional endothelium and contribute to foam cell formation?
LDLs
… are responsible for the transport of lipids from the intestinal absorption after eating, taking its contents to the tissues and liver
Chylomicrons
The right order of lipoproteins in terms of density from lowest to highest is…
chylomicrons – VLDL – IDL – LDL – HDL
Lipoproteins are composed of; An outer shell of …, core of fats including … and surface … molecules to help tissues recognise and take up the particles.
phospholipids
cholesterols
apoproteins
The surface of lipoproteins contains
hydrophilic/hydrophobic components while the core contains hydrophilic/hydrophobic components.
hydrophilic
hydrophobic